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imaginary - New England Complex Systems Institute
imaginary - New England Complex Systems Institute

Chapter 4: Old Models of the Atom
Chapter 4: Old Models of the Atom

Inherent Properties and Statistics with Individual Particles in
Inherent Properties and Statistics with Individual Particles in

... be disputed, for example by claiming that classical systems obeying Bose-Einstein statistics are both theoretically and, it seems, practically possible (see, for instance, Gottesman, 2007). However, it looks as though a general distinction can in fact be drawn meaningfully on the basis of what is th ...
The Mean-Field Limit for the Dynamics of Large Particle Systems
The Mean-Field Limit for the Dynamics of Large Particle Systems

Algebraic Aspects of Topological Quantum Computing
Algebraic Aspects of Topological Quantum Computing

Lecture 9 1 Measurement and expectation values
Lecture 9 1 Measurement and expectation values

... So let’s discuss measurement. If |ψ >= a1 |ψE1 > +a2 |ψE2 > +a3 |ψE3 > + · · · , what is the result of a measurement of energy? One of the postulate of QM is that the result of the measurement must be an eigenvalue of Ĥ. ψ will collapse onto one of these eigenstates with some probability. What’s th ...
Chiral kinetic theory
Chiral kinetic theory

... p(t). As a result the distribution evolves with time. But if you follow a local volume along the trajectory, the number of particles in it can only be changed by collisions. Ignore collisions for now. Clearly, the number of particles in the phase space cannot change. The phase-space density obeys co ...
Notes on Quantum Mechanics - Department of Mathematics
Notes on Quantum Mechanics - Department of Mathematics

Quantum (wave) mechanics
Quantum (wave) mechanics

... In ordinary mechanics, a particle can have any energy including zero. But when we describe the particle behaviour using Quantum Mechanics, we find that the particle’s energy is always greater than zero and for a bound particle (e.g. electron in an atom) the particle can only have certain discrete va ...
MEASUREMENT OF LIFETIMES OF EXCITED STATES OF THE
MEASUREMENT OF LIFETIMES OF EXCITED STATES OF THE

H. Lee
H. Lee

... It is generally believed that featureless insulators will have very unusual properties. ...
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2 - FSU High Energy Physics

SUPERSYMETRY FOR ASTROPHYSICISTS
SUPERSYMETRY FOR ASTROPHYSICISTS

... • Translations: particle P at x Æ particle P at x’ • SUSY: particle P at x Æ particle P̃ at x, where – P and P̃ differ in spin by ½: fermions ↔ bosons – P and P̃ are identical in all other ways (mass, couplings) ...
ONE-ELECTRON ATOMS: SPECTRAL PATTERNS Late 19th
ONE-ELECTRON ATOMS: SPECTRAL PATTERNS Late 19th

Physics 2 - Westmount High School
Physics 2 - Westmount High School

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008

Monday, Oct. 30, 2006
Monday, Oct. 30, 2006

Rational Quantum Physics R. N. Boyd, Ph. D., USA “There is good
Rational Quantum Physics R. N. Boyd, Ph. D., USA “There is good

... matter, they are refracted and slowed down by interactions with the pre-existing matter. The reaction which occurs is experienced by matter as the pressing-down force we call gravitation. Tesla realized through experiment that certain of these incoming aether flux "waves" were arriving with unfailin ...
Bose-Einstein condensates
Bose-Einstein condensates

... suddenly explodes like a supernova (dubbed a bosenova) leaving behind a tiny core of atoms. More recently, researchers have exploited this kind of manipulation to explore new territory in ultracold quantum gases. Some types of atoms have spins with a half-number value and are classified as quantum p ...
Uncertainty Principle
Uncertainty Principle

Thermal History of the Universe and the Cosmic Microwave
Thermal History of the Universe and the Cosmic Microwave

Another version - Scott Aaronson
Another version - Scott Aaronson

introduction to the many-body problem
introduction to the many-body problem

particle in a box the uncertainty principle
particle in a box the uncertainty principle

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Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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