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Wavelike properties of particles
Wavelike properties of particles

... If asked: is electron wave or particle? They are both. In any experiment (or empirical observation) only one aspect of either wave or particle, but not both can be observed simultaneously. It’s like a coin with two faces. But one can only see one side of the coin but not the other at any instance. T ...
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... includes the case of n non-identical particles by allowing for unsymmetrized wavefunctions. So the representations are equivalent only for Fock space states that are eigenstates of N, and only for wavefunctions that are either symmetric or antisymmetric. It is also instructive to note that total par ...
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... N. Bohr considered nonrelativistic orbits. The generalization to relativistic orbits was done in 1916 by Arnold Sommerfeld. In this way he obtained the shape of trajectories in the form of the well-known “rosette”. In this paper we study in some detail properties of the relativistic particle traject ...
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Name Date Period ______ PART I: ATOM SCREEN Go to the
Name Date Period ______ PART I: ATOM SCREEN Go to the

< 1 ... 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 ... 171 >

Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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