Solving Even-Parity Problems using Multi Expression Programming
... Standard MEP algorithm uses steady state [7] as underlying mechanism. MEP algorithm starts by creating a random population of individuals. The following steps are repeated until a given number of generations is reached. Two parents are selected using a selection procedure. The parents are recombined ...
... Standard MEP algorithm uses steady state [7] as underlying mechanism. MEP algorithm starts by creating a random population of individuals. The following steps are repeated until a given number of generations is reached. Two parents are selected using a selection procedure. The parents are recombined ...
DESIGNING ARTIFICIAL SELECTION EXPERIMENTS
... Another source of variation in selected or control populations is genotype by environment interactions. These interactions may be between lines and generation environments, or they may exist between lines and the environments of replications within any one generation. The effect of such interactions ...
... Another source of variation in selected or control populations is genotype by environment interactions. These interactions may be between lines and generation environments, or they may exist between lines and the environments of replications within any one generation. The effect of such interactions ...
Inferences About the Distribution of Dominance
... while Simmons and Crow were careful to distinguish between alleles sampled from standing variation and new mutations in their analysis, some of the subsequent quotation of their article obscures the difference. (Alleles of large effect that have been exposed to selection will on average have much lo ...
... while Simmons and Crow were careful to distinguish between alleles sampled from standing variation and new mutations in their analysis, some of the subsequent quotation of their article obscures the difference. (Alleles of large effect that have been exposed to selection will on average have much lo ...
Schultz 10e IMTB Chapter 06
... similarities between them and humans, while at the same time individuals strove to own fossils of long extinct animals. The Zeitgeist of the time, having been influenced by changes in science and industry, called for a theoretical change, which Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species provided. As a b ...
... similarities between them and humans, while at the same time individuals strove to own fossils of long extinct animals. The Zeitgeist of the time, having been influenced by changes in science and industry, called for a theoretical change, which Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species provided. As a b ...
The Discovery of Transposition
... shows a picture of a kernel that has the chromosome 9 genetic constitution C-I Bz/C bz. C-I is a dominant inhibitory colorless allele of the C locus required for pigmentation (C-I gives colorless tissue and C gives purple tissue in the appropriate genetic background) and Bz is the wild-type allele a ...
... shows a picture of a kernel that has the chromosome 9 genetic constitution C-I Bz/C bz. C-I is a dominant inhibitory colorless allele of the C locus required for pigmentation (C-I gives colorless tissue and C gives purple tissue in the appropriate genetic background) and Bz is the wild-type allele a ...
Adaptive divergence in resistance to herbivores in Datura
... Furthermore, stabilizing selection may promote phenotypic similarity among populations (Merilä & Crnokrak, 2001). Elucidating to what extent these processes promote character differentiation among populations is central if we are to fully understand the prevalence of among-population variation in t ...
... Furthermore, stabilizing selection may promote phenotypic similarity among populations (Merilä & Crnokrak, 2001). Elucidating to what extent these processes promote character differentiation among populations is central if we are to fully understand the prevalence of among-population variation in t ...
1 The Empirical Non-Equivalence of Genic and Genotypic Models of
... Abstract. Genic selectionists (Williams 1966 and Dawkins 1976) defend the view that genes are the (unique) units of selection and that all evolutionary events can be adequately represented at the genic level. Pluralistic genic selectionists (Sterelny and Kitcher 1988, Waters 1991, Dawkins 1982) def ...
... Abstract. Genic selectionists (Williams 1966 and Dawkins 1976) defend the view that genes are the (unique) units of selection and that all evolutionary events can be adequately represented at the genic level. Pluralistic genic selectionists (Sterelny and Kitcher 1988, Waters 1991, Dawkins 1982) def ...
A-level Human Biology Question paper Unit 5 - Inheritance
... allele of this gene, B, results in black fur. The recessive allele, b, results in white fur. The second gene controls banding of the fur. The dominant allele, A, causes a yellow band to develop on each hair. The resulting coat colour is called agouti. The recessive allele, a, results in hairs with n ...
... allele of this gene, B, results in black fur. The recessive allele, b, results in white fur. The second gene controls banding of the fur. The dominant allele, A, causes a yellow band to develop on each hair. The resulting coat colour is called agouti. The recessive allele, a, results in hairs with n ...
Variation Causes of Variation
... The examination of most animal species reveals the existence of phenotype difference between individuals for example in cattle there are obvious difference in coat colours and the presence and absence of horns. If cattle are weighed or if milk production is recorded there will be difference in perfo ...
... The examination of most animal species reveals the existence of phenotype difference between individuals for example in cattle there are obvious difference in coat colours and the presence and absence of horns. If cattle are weighed or if milk production is recorded there will be difference in perfo ...
Chapter 23
... Gene flow can increase the fitness of a population Consider, for example, the spread of alleles for resistance to insecticides Insecticides have been used to target mosquitoes that carry West Nile virus and malaria Alleles have evolved in some populations that confer insecticide resistance ...
... Gene flow can increase the fitness of a population Consider, for example, the spread of alleles for resistance to insecticides Insecticides have been used to target mosquitoes that carry West Nile virus and malaria Alleles have evolved in some populations that confer insecticide resistance ...
Unit B Ecosystems, Populations - Penhold Crossing Secondary School
... B. genetic variability is common in most populations C. the rate of mutation is greater in large populations D. the population consists of three or more different species ____ 15. Use Scenario 5.1 answer the following question. The most likely explanation for Observation 3 is that A. some traits are ...
... B. genetic variability is common in most populations C. the rate of mutation is greater in large populations D. the population consists of three or more different species ____ 15. Use Scenario 5.1 answer the following question. The most likely explanation for Observation 3 is that A. some traits are ...
Chapter 11.4 Meosis and Sexual Reproduction
... metaphase plate: -They separate in a random manner -The maternal or paternal homologue may be oriented toward either pole of mother cell ...
... metaphase plate: -They separate in a random manner -The maternal or paternal homologue may be oriented toward either pole of mother cell ...
Chapter 23 - The Evolution of Populations
... Concept 23.3: Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population ...
... Concept 23.3: Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population ...
Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of
... Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS protein analysis was carried out as previously described [2] using a Microflex spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Leipzig, Germany). Twelve distinct deposits were done for strain JCET from 12 isolated colonies. The twelve JCET sp ...
... Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS protein analysis was carried out as previously described [2] using a Microflex spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Leipzig, Germany). Twelve distinct deposits were done for strain JCET from 12 isolated colonies. The twelve JCET sp ...
Does genetic diversity limit disease spread in natural host
... Does genetic diversity limit disease spread in natural host populations? KC King1 and CM Lively2 It is a commonly held view that genetically homogenous host populations are more vulnerable to infection than genetically diverse populations. The underlying idea, known as the ‘monoculture effect,’ is w ...
... Does genetic diversity limit disease spread in natural host populations? KC King1 and CM Lively2 It is a commonly held view that genetically homogenous host populations are more vulnerable to infection than genetically diverse populations. The underlying idea, known as the ‘monoculture effect,’ is w ...
evolution - Santa Fe Institute
... But what is the origin of this observed robustness? Is it merely an accident, or a consequence of natural selection in the face of mutations and environmental variation? And what are the evolutionary consequences of robustness? The amount of phenotypic diversity within or among populations can vary ...
... But what is the origin of this observed robustness? Is it merely an accident, or a consequence of natural selection in the face of mutations and environmental variation? And what are the evolutionary consequences of robustness? The amount of phenotypic diversity within or among populations can vary ...
Analysis of Drosophila Species Genome Size and Satellite DNA
... elements typical of heterochromatin, may have repeatspecific shrinkage mechanisms, such as unequal meiotic exchange between sister chromatids or replication errors (Britten and Kohne 1968; Southern 1975; Smith 1976; Stephan and Cho 1994; Petrov 2001). Understanding the levels and distributions of he ...
... elements typical of heterochromatin, may have repeatspecific shrinkage mechanisms, such as unequal meiotic exchange between sister chromatids or replication errors (Britten and Kohne 1968; Southern 1975; Smith 1976; Stephan and Cho 1994; Petrov 2001). Understanding the levels and distributions of he ...
A Generic Parallel Genetic Algorithm
... An operator to avoid permanent loss of (and to introduce new) diversity within the solutions – mutation. ...
... An operator to avoid permanent loss of (and to introduce new) diversity within the solutions – mutation. ...
document
... 2) Include a picture of a person whom shows the characteristic or an image of the trait (examples: effected blood cells, receptor proteins, etc.). 3) Answer the question(s) posted for each trait. Re-copy the question and answer it, as shown in the example. 4) Include a reference section of the websi ...
... 2) Include a picture of a person whom shows the characteristic or an image of the trait (examples: effected blood cells, receptor proteins, etc.). 3) Answer the question(s) posted for each trait. Re-copy the question and answer it, as shown in the example. 4) Include a reference section of the websi ...
CLINICAL MEDICAL POLICY - highmarkhealthoptions.com
... Cystic fibrosis is a rare genetic disease, found in about 30,000 people in the United Sates and 70,000 worldwide. The disease is an example of a recessive disease, meaning that a person must have a mutation in both copies of the cystic fibrosis gene to have cystic fibrosis. If a person only has one ...
... Cystic fibrosis is a rare genetic disease, found in about 30,000 people in the United Sates and 70,000 worldwide. The disease is an example of a recessive disease, meaning that a person must have a mutation in both copies of the cystic fibrosis gene to have cystic fibrosis. If a person only has one ...
Let the meme be (a meme) - Historical and Investigative Research
... mere use of the term „replicator‟ will make the inheritance unit so-dubbed Darwinian is not science. It is magic. And Blackmore is not alone: Daniel Dennet (1995) does the same, and Robert Aunger (2002:3) likewise defines replication as “the recurrence of… features,” eliminating all emphasis on exa ...
... mere use of the term „replicator‟ will make the inheritance unit so-dubbed Darwinian is not science. It is magic. And Blackmore is not alone: Daniel Dennet (1995) does the same, and Robert Aunger (2002:3) likewise defines replication as “the recurrence of… features,” eliminating all emphasis on exa ...
Partitioning the Genetic Variance
... additive effects and dominance deviations: Gij = GijA + δij = µG + αi + αj + δij For a locus with two allelic types, A1 and A2 , we showed that the model can be given in terms of a linear regression of genotypic values on the number of copies of the A1 allele such that: Gij = β0 + β1 X1ij + δij wher ...
... additive effects and dominance deviations: Gij = GijA + δij = µG + αi + αj + δij For a locus with two allelic types, A1 and A2 , we showed that the model can be given in terms of a linear regression of genotypic values on the number of copies of the A1 allele such that: Gij = β0 + β1 X1ij + δij wher ...
Consulta: subjectFacets:"5S rDNA" Registros recuperados: 16 Data
... last decades. The lack of biological data on a species-specific basis, associated with a k-strategist life history make it difficult to correctly manage and conserve these animals. The aim of the present study was to develop a DNA-based procedure to discriminate shark species by means of a rapid, lo ...
... last decades. The lack of biological data on a species-specific basis, associated with a k-strategist life history make it difficult to correctly manage and conserve these animals. The aim of the present study was to develop a DNA-based procedure to discriminate shark species by means of a rapid, lo ...
Koinophilia
Koinophilia is an evolutionary hypothesis concerning sexual selection which proposes that animals seeking mate preferentially choose individuals with a minimum of unusual features. Koinophilia intends to explain the clustering of organisms into species and other issues described by Darwin's Dilemma. The term derives from the Greek, koinos, ""the usual"", and philos, ""fondness"".Natural selection causes beneficial inherited features to become more common and eventually replace their disadvantageous counterparts. A sexually-reproducing animal would be expected to avoid individuals with unusual features, and to prefer to mate with individuals displaying a predominance of common or average features. This means that mates displaying mutant features are also avoided. This is advantageous because most mutations that manifest themselves as changes in appearance, functionality or behavior, are disadvantageous. Because it is impossible to judge whether a new mutation is beneficial or not, koinophilic animals avoid them all, at the cost of avoiding the occasional beneficial mutation. Thus, koinophilia, although not infallible in its ability to distinguish fit from unfit mates, is a good strategy when choosing a mate. A koinophilic choice ensures that offspring are likely to inherit features that have been successful in the past.Koinophilia differs from assortative mating, where ""like prefers like"". If like preferred like, leucistic animals (such as white peacocks) would be sexually attracted to one another, and a leucistic subspecies would come into being. Koinophilia predicts that this is unlikely because leucistic animals are attracted to the average in the same way as other animals. Since non-leucistic animals are not attracted by leucism, few leucistic individuals find mates, and leucistic lineages will rarely form.Koinophilia provides simple explanations for the rarity of speciation (in particular Darwin's Dilemma), evolutionary stasis, punctuated equilibria, and the evolution of cooperation. Koinophilia might also contribute to the maintenance of sexual reproduction, preventing its reversion to the much simpler and inherently more advantageous asexual form of reproduction.The koinophilia hypothesis is supported by research into the physical attractiveness of human faces by Judith Langlois and her co-workers. They found that the average of two human faces was more attractive than either of the faces from which that average was derived. The more faces (of the same gender and age) that were used in the averaging process the more attractive and appealing the average face became. This work into averageness supports koinophilia as an explanation of what constitutes a beautiful face, and how the individuality of a face is recognized.