Lecture 19: Mantle Plumes - Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
... peridotite, with a subordinate fraction of oceanic crust. However, because the oceanic crust has much higher incompatible element concentrations than peridotite, it provides most of the isotopic and incompatible element “flavor” of plumes. Trace elements provide some evidence that some plumes contai ...
... peridotite, with a subordinate fraction of oceanic crust. However, because the oceanic crust has much higher incompatible element concentrations than peridotite, it provides most of the isotopic and incompatible element “flavor” of plumes. Trace elements provide some evidence that some plumes contai ...
macpherson_hall_2001 IBM boninites
... into early Middle Eocene sediments in the Daito Basin (at DSDP Site 446; [37,39]) and have yielded early Middle Eocene radiometric ages [37,40] suggesting this source was available throughout the newly forming rift. Further north, Middle Eocene conglomerates from DSDP Site 445 (Fig. 1) commonly cont ...
... into early Middle Eocene sediments in the Daito Basin (at DSDP Site 446; [37,39]) and have yielded early Middle Eocene radiometric ages [37,40] suggesting this source was available throughout the newly forming rift. Further north, Middle Eocene conglomerates from DSDP Site 445 (Fig. 1) commonly cont ...
GEOL_10_mid_term_I
... (12) 2 pts. Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition? A) Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layers. B) Older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata. C) Strata with fossils are gene ...
... (12) 2 pts. Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition? A) Any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layers. B) Older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata. C) Strata with fossils are gene ...
Origin of Indian Ocean Seamount Province by shallow
... found in the Indian Ocean, including CHRISP, Afanasy–Nikitin and Indian MORB (Fig. 2). Propagating fault or mantle plume models are generally invoked to explain the origin of age-progressive island/seamount volcanism. As all major faults and fracture zones (for example, Investigator Rise) in the NE ...
... found in the Indian Ocean, including CHRISP, Afanasy–Nikitin and Indian MORB (Fig. 2). Propagating fault or mantle plume models are generally invoked to explain the origin of age-progressive island/seamount volcanism. As all major faults and fracture zones (for example, Investigator Rise) in the NE ...
How frequent are earthquakes?
... How frequent are earthquakes? A question always asked by members of the public (and reporters) to seismologists is can you predict earthquakes, and if you cannot then what is the point of seismology. Once you have a basic understanding of plate tectonics and the fundamental causes for earthquakes it ...
... How frequent are earthquakes? A question always asked by members of the public (and reporters) to seismologists is can you predict earthquakes, and if you cannot then what is the point of seismology. Once you have a basic understanding of plate tectonics and the fundamental causes for earthquakes it ...
Small-scale upper mantle convection and crustal dynamics in
... interaction stresses; we show that much of the deformation that cannot be explained by plate interaction derives from small-scale convection of the underlying upper mantle. [3] Approximately 50 mm/yr of relative motion between the Pacific and North American plates [DeMets and Dixon, 1999] is accommo ...
... interaction stresses; we show that much of the deformation that cannot be explained by plate interaction derives from small-scale convection of the underlying upper mantle. [3] Approximately 50 mm/yr of relative motion between the Pacific and North American plates [DeMets and Dixon, 1999] is accommo ...
Seismic constraints on Ear th`s small-sc
... correlation between ULVZ material and the edges of the large low-shear velocity provinces (Thorne and Garnero 2004). This correlation can be understood from geodynamical model ling. Models including chemical and thermal convection (McNamara and Zhong 2005) are able to explain the distribution of th ...
... correlation between ULVZ material and the edges of the large low-shear velocity provinces (Thorne and Garnero 2004). This correlation can be understood from geodynamical model ling. Models including chemical and thermal convection (McNamara and Zhong 2005) are able to explain the distribution of th ...
Earthquake Mechanisms and Plate Tectonics
... whether to interpret these earthquakes as bending events in the upper ¯exural sheet or as ``decoupling'' events showing rupture of the entire downgoing plate due to ``slab pull.'' The deeper earthquakes, which form the Wadati±Benioff zone, go down to depths of 700 km within the downgoing slab. Their ...
... whether to interpret these earthquakes as bending events in the upper ¯exural sheet or as ``decoupling'' events showing rupture of the entire downgoing plate due to ``slab pull.'' The deeper earthquakes, which form the Wadati±Benioff zone, go down to depths of 700 km within the downgoing slab. Their ...
link to answer key. - Warren County Schools
... These are the 5 main layers in order from the surface to the center of the Earth. [4 pts.] inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere, inner core, outer core lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core asthenosphere, litho ...
... These are the 5 main layers in order from the surface to the center of the Earth. [4 pts.] inner core, outer core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere, inner core, outer core lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core asthenosphere, litho ...
Tajika and Matsui - Rice Department of Earth Science
... The effect of volatde exchange between surface reservoirs and the mantle on the evolution of proto-CO 2 atmosphere on the Earth is investigated using a global carbon cycle model coupled with thermal evolution of the mantle. Carbon is assumed to circulate among five reservoirs (atmosphere, ocean, con ...
... The effect of volatde exchange between surface reservoirs and the mantle on the evolution of proto-CO 2 atmosphere on the Earth is investigated using a global carbon cycle model coupled with thermal evolution of the mantle. Carbon is assumed to circulate among five reservoirs (atmosphere, ocean, con ...
A low velocity belt beneath northern and eastern Tibetan Plateau
... Sichuan Basin, the narrow belt expands in east-west direction and occupies almost the whole mountainous regions from Myanmar to western Yangtze Block. [12] The boundaries of the LVB are well correlated with boundaries at surface separating different geological units. We refer such a boundary as a Pn ...
... Sichuan Basin, the narrow belt expands in east-west direction and occupies almost the whole mountainous regions from Myanmar to western Yangtze Block. [12] The boundaries of the LVB are well correlated with boundaries at surface separating different geological units. We refer such a boundary as a Pn ...
Mantle convection in the Middle East_ Reconciling Afar upwelling
... Fig. 1. Topography and deformation indicators for the Arabia–Anatolia–Aegean system. (a) Geodetic velocity field (ArRajehi et al., 2010) in a Eurasia fixed reference frame (orange vectors) compared to geological plate motions from NUVEL-1A (DeMets et al., 1994; dark gray vectors), topography from ETOP ...
... Fig. 1. Topography and deformation indicators for the Arabia–Anatolia–Aegean system. (a) Geodetic velocity field (ArRajehi et al., 2010) in a Eurasia fixed reference frame (orange vectors) compared to geological plate motions from NUVEL-1A (DeMets et al., 1994; dark gray vectors), topography from ETOP ...
Processes Forming Volcanic Topography at Atla Regio, Venus
... Earths' hot-spots, where volcanism is associated with mantle plumes [1, 2]. On the basis of the localised topography and gravity observed at Ozza Mons and Sapas Mons, each of these areas may be sites of mantle upwellings, implying Atla Regio may have two mantle plumes acting to produce the topograph ...
... Earths' hot-spots, where volcanism is associated with mantle plumes [1, 2]. On the basis of the localised topography and gravity observed at Ozza Mons and Sapas Mons, each of these areas may be sites of mantle upwellings, implying Atla Regio may have two mantle plumes acting to produce the topograph ...
mantle plumes and hot spots - The Centre for Earth Evolution and
... of hotspots is typically slow compared to plate motions. However, for the Hawaiian hotspot between 80 and 47 million years ago (Ma), inclination of the magnetization of volcanics indicates formation at a palaeolatitude further north than Hawaii, with hotspot motion southward of several centimetres p ...
... of hotspots is typically slow compared to plate motions. However, for the Hawaiian hotspot between 80 and 47 million years ago (Ma), inclination of the magnetization of volcanics indicates formation at a palaeolatitude further north than Hawaii, with hotspot motion southward of several centimetres p ...
Activity—World Map of Plate Boundaries
... Convergent Boundaries Transform Boundaries Strike slip faults result from Most of the world’s earthquakes and When two plates move volcanoes toward each other, crustare is destroyed as one plate dives (is subducted) beneath two plates moving horizontally Divergent boundaries occur mostly As surround ...
... Convergent Boundaries Transform Boundaries Strike slip faults result from Most of the world’s earthquakes and When two plates move volcanoes toward each other, crustare is destroyed as one plate dives (is subducted) beneath two plates moving horizontally Divergent boundaries occur mostly As surround ...
Plate Tectonics as a Far- From- Equilibrium Self
... tectonic and magmatic record. Likewise, one can note the relation between Nasca plate speeds and Andean uplift [Norabuena eta/, 1999]. Quite often these global andregional correlations are attributed to massive mantle overturns, mantle avalanches or superplumes, the implication being that convection ...
... tectonic and magmatic record. Likewise, one can note the relation between Nasca plate speeds and Andean uplift [Norabuena eta/, 1999]. Quite often these global andregional correlations are attributed to massive mantle overturns, mantle avalanches or superplumes, the implication being that convection ...
GEOL_10_mid_term_I_k..
... (20) 2 pts. Sandstone strata and a mass of granite are observed to be in contact. Which of the following statements is correct geologically? A) The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism. B) The granite is older if it contains inclusions of sandstone. C) The gran ...
... (20) 2 pts. Sandstone strata and a mass of granite are observed to be in contact. Which of the following statements is correct geologically? A) The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism. B) The granite is older if it contains inclusions of sandstone. C) The gran ...
What drives the plates
... moving plates have the greatest proportion of subducting margin (and therefore the greatest slab pull effect) as follows: ask them to identify three plates on a plate map: the Pacific plate, the Nazca plate and the South American plate; for each if these plates, ask them to approximately measure ...
... moving plates have the greatest proportion of subducting margin (and therefore the greatest slab pull effect) as follows: ask them to identify three plates on a plate map: the Pacific plate, the Nazca plate and the South American plate; for each if these plates, ask them to approximately measure ...
Earthquakes in Minnesota—Are We Getting a Fair Shake?
... smaller than those that occur near plate margins. However, there is one area, the New Madrid seismic zone between St. Louis, Missouri, and Memphis, Tennessee, that has elevated potential for generating major earthquakes. The zone has a fairly high incidence of small to moderate earthquakes, and it w ...
... smaller than those that occur near plate margins. However, there is one area, the New Madrid seismic zone between St. Louis, Missouri, and Memphis, Tennessee, that has elevated potential for generating major earthquakes. The zone has a fairly high incidence of small to moderate earthquakes, and it w ...
Subcontinental Lithosphere
... peridotite, with a subordinate fraction of oceanic crust. However, because the oceanic crust has much higher incompatible element concentrations than peridotite, it provides most of the isotopic and incompatible element “flavor” of plumes. Trace elements provide some evidence that some plumes contai ...
... peridotite, with a subordinate fraction of oceanic crust. However, because the oceanic crust has much higher incompatible element concentrations than peridotite, it provides most of the isotopic and incompatible element “flavor” of plumes. Trace elements provide some evidence that some plumes contai ...
How can subduction zones give rise to the following
... off to form an accretionary wedge in the fore-arc. However, dredging and drilling in the Mariana forearc and trench has shown that there is little on no sediment in the Mariana trench. Yet during the 40 my since the arc system has been in existence, up to 40 km³ of sedimen / km length of arc should ...
... off to form an accretionary wedge in the fore-arc. However, dredging and drilling in the Mariana forearc and trench has shown that there is little on no sediment in the Mariana trench. Yet during the 40 my since the arc system has been in existence, up to 40 km³ of sedimen / km length of arc should ...
The science behind plate tectonics
... motions (as well as many other Earth processes). GPS was initially designed for realtime (near instantaneous) military positioning and destructive military feats, such as guiding “smart” bombs in the Persian Gulf War. But the system was quickly adapted by civilian scientists to measure the positions ...
... motions (as well as many other Earth processes). GPS was initially designed for realtime (near instantaneous) military positioning and destructive military feats, such as guiding “smart” bombs in the Persian Gulf War. But the system was quickly adapted by civilian scientists to measure the positions ...
Crustal collapse, mantle upwelling, and Cenozoic extension in the
... extensional forces arising from an overthickenedcrust are limited to the crust, while the rheology of continental lithosphereis intrinsically stratified. Even when the mantle lithosphere is mechanically coupled to the crust, thermomechanicalmodeling indicates that strain is localized in the weak low ...
... extensional forces arising from an overthickenedcrust are limited to the crust, while the rheology of continental lithosphereis intrinsically stratified. Even when the mantle lithosphere is mechanically coupled to the crust, thermomechanicalmodeling indicates that strain is localized in the weak low ...
Document
... Mapping Earth’s Internal Structure (cont.) • Shadow zones are areas that do not receive seismic waves. – Secondary waves only travel through solids and cannot penetrate the outer core. – Primary waves can travel through solids and their paths bend through liquids. – Because primary waves bend, scien ...
... Mapping Earth’s Internal Structure (cont.) • Shadow zones are areas that do not receive seismic waves. – Secondary waves only travel through solids and cannot penetrate the outer core. – Primary waves can travel through solids and their paths bend through liquids. – Because primary waves bend, scien ...
The Subductability of Continental Lithosphere
... oceanic domain is composed of a thin layer of pelagic sediments, a basaltic upper crust, a gabbroic lower crust, a depleted shallow lithospheric mantle, and a deep (less depleted) lithospheric mantle. The reference passive margin includes some layers from the continental and oceanic domains plus two ...
... oceanic domain is composed of a thin layer of pelagic sediments, a basaltic upper crust, a gabbroic lower crust, a depleted shallow lithospheric mantle, and a deep (less depleted) lithospheric mantle. The reference passive margin includes some layers from the continental and oceanic domains plus two ...
Post-glacial rebound
Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.