Nature template - PC Word 97 - University of Colorado Boulder
... mechanisms of minerals [Kavner, 2003] and thus the rheology of rocks [Karato, 1998; Mei and Kohlstedt, 2000]. It also controls weathering and all low temperature geochemical reactions that generate sediments from rocks. Water transports the sediments in streams and glaciers, and deposits them in riv ...
... mechanisms of minerals [Kavner, 2003] and thus the rheology of rocks [Karato, 1998; Mei and Kohlstedt, 2000]. It also controls weathering and all low temperature geochemical reactions that generate sediments from rocks. Water transports the sediments in streams and glaciers, and deposits them in riv ...
Plate Boundaries
... to move) are located along the crests of oceanic ridges and can be thought of as constructive plate margins because this is where new ocean floor is generated (Figure 13). Here, two adjacent plates move away from each other, producing long, narrow fractures in the ocean crust. As a result, hot rock ...
... to move) are located along the crests of oceanic ridges and can be thought of as constructive plate margins because this is where new ocean floor is generated (Figure 13). Here, two adjacent plates move away from each other, producing long, narrow fractures in the ocean crust. As a result, hot rock ...
Anisotropy of the flexural response of the lithosphere in the
... gravity and topography [Forsyth, 1985]. At long wavelengths, surface (or internal) loads are fully compensated, and the Bouguer anomaly is coherent with the topography. For shorter wavelengths, the loads are supported by the strength of the lithosphere, and, without correlation between surface and i ...
... gravity and topography [Forsyth, 1985]. At long wavelengths, surface (or internal) loads are fully compensated, and the Bouguer anomaly is coherent with the topography. For shorter wavelengths, the loads are supported by the strength of the lithosphere, and, without correlation between surface and i ...
Frequency And Severity Of Earthquakes:Earthquake
... are 16 major plates and several minor plates. Plate boundaries are areas where Earth’s shifting plates collide or split apart (see Tectonic Processes). Plate margins that are coming together are called convergent margins, while those that are splitting apart are called divergent. Along convergent ma ...
... are 16 major plates and several minor plates. Plate boundaries are areas where Earth’s shifting plates collide or split apart (see Tectonic Processes). Plate margins that are coming together are called convergent margins, while those that are splitting apart are called divergent. Along convergent ma ...
Experiments With Portable Ocean Bottom - OBSIP
... To provide answers to some of the outstanding scientific questions related to subduction zone processes, additional ocean bottom seismometers are needed to expand the scope of offshore deployments. Most of the studies to date have been individual lines of instruments. This deployment strategy has do ...
... To provide answers to some of the outstanding scientific questions related to subduction zone processes, additional ocean bottom seismometers are needed to expand the scope of offshore deployments. Most of the studies to date have been individual lines of instruments. This deployment strategy has do ...
Plate Tectonics: This works as a result of hot mantle asthenosphere
... (olivine, orthopyroxene, Cr-diopside, spinel). In kimberlite (diamond) pipes there is a greater diversity in that both garnet peridotite and eclogite xenoliths occur (the former dominant). Some nodules contain diopside-rich, phlogopite-rich or amphibole-rich veins. It is thought that these nodules a ...
... (olivine, orthopyroxene, Cr-diopside, spinel). In kimberlite (diamond) pipes there is a greater diversity in that both garnet peridotite and eclogite xenoliths occur (the former dominant). Some nodules contain diopside-rich, phlogopite-rich or amphibole-rich veins. It is thought that these nodules a ...
Isostasy, dynamic topography, and the elevation of the Apennines of
... permanent GPS stations from across the Mediterranean; this effort presents an opportunity for renewed study of uplift rates across several temporal and spatial scales in the Apennines. In this paper, we consider contributions to topography and uplift rates from both static, lithospheric and dynamic, ...
... permanent GPS stations from across the Mediterranean; this effort presents an opportunity for renewed study of uplift rates across several temporal and spatial scales in the Apennines. In this paper, we consider contributions to topography and uplift rates from both static, lithospheric and dynamic, ...
The Canadian Rockies and Alberta Network (CRANE)
... Figure 7 shows the receiver functions for the available CNSN and CRANE stations after stacking over all azimuths. We convert these time-domain receiver functions to depth based on PREM (Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981), which provides a first-order approximation for the depths of crust and mantle ref ...
... Figure 7 shows the receiver functions for the available CNSN and CRANE stations after stacking over all azimuths. We convert these time-domain receiver functions to depth based on PREM (Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981), which provides a first-order approximation for the depths of crust and mantle ref ...
Van Wijk, J.W., W.S. Baldridge, J. van Hunen, S
... crossed below the BRP and below the CP edge; the resultant amount of modeled melt depends on the initial thickness of the BRP lithosphere, the extension rate, and the amount of convectively removed mantle lithosphere. CP edge magmatism produced by this process can explain the late Neogene to present ...
... crossed below the BRP and below the CP edge; the resultant amount of modeled melt depends on the initial thickness of the BRP lithosphere, the extension rate, and the amount of convectively removed mantle lithosphere. CP edge magmatism produced by this process can explain the late Neogene to present ...
IgneousPet423-13Intro
... Integrity: McGill University values academic integrity. Therefore all students must understand the meaning and consequences of cheating, plagiarism and other academic offences under the Code of Student Conduct and Disciplinary Procedures (seewww.mcgill.ca/students/srr/honest/ for more information). ...
... Integrity: McGill University values academic integrity. Therefore all students must understand the meaning and consequences of cheating, plagiarism and other academic offences under the Code of Student Conduct and Disciplinary Procedures (seewww.mcgill.ca/students/srr/honest/ for more information). ...
Plate tectonics
... • Polar wandering (evidence that continents moved) • Earth's magnetic field reversals • Recorded in rocks as they form at oceanic ridges ...
... • Polar wandering (evidence that continents moved) • Earth's magnetic field reversals • Recorded in rocks as they form at oceanic ridges ...
Evolution of helium and argon isotopes in a convecting mantle
... thermo-chemical convection models that provide some insight into such processes, finding that high 3 He/4 He can be generated by recycling residue if He is more compatible than U and Th (e.g. Graham et al., 1990), so that He ratios are frozen in the residuum at the time of melting. However, if was f ...
... thermo-chemical convection models that provide some insight into such processes, finding that high 3 He/4 He can be generated by recycling residue if He is more compatible than U and Th (e.g. Graham et al., 1990), so that He ratios are frozen in the residuum at the time of melting. However, if was f ...
Chapter 7. Convection and Complexity
... peridotite. The solidus temperature of dry peridotite at this depth is at least 2100 oc. One question is, how fast can material rise between about 200 and 90 km, and is the material at 90 km representative of the deeper mantle source region or has it been fractionated upon ascent? Viscosities in sil ...
... peridotite. The solidus temperature of dry peridotite at this depth is at least 2100 oc. One question is, how fast can material rise between about 200 and 90 km, and is the material at 90 km representative of the deeper mantle source region or has it been fractionated upon ascent? Viscosities in sil ...
Lasting mantle scars lead to perennial plate tectonics
... the LC24 and dry olivine for the upper mantle25 (Supplementary Table 2). These rheological parameters produce strength profiles that are intermediate in the range of published flow laws for crustal and mantle materials (Supplementary Fig. 2d). Supplementary Fig. 4 shows the material deformation after ...
... the LC24 and dry olivine for the upper mantle25 (Supplementary Table 2). These rheological parameters produce strength profiles that are intermediate in the range of published flow laws for crustal and mantle materials (Supplementary Fig. 2d). Supplementary Fig. 4 shows the material deformation after ...
Asthenospheric flow and origin of volcanism in the Baikal Rift area
... flow in the mantle beneath the Baikal Rift Zone and argue that it is sub-horizontal asthenospheric flow that may give rise to volcanism in this and perhaps many other rift areas. The Baikal Rift Zone is located at the boundary of the stable Siberian Platform and deforming Baikal-Sayan fold belt (Fig ...
... flow in the mantle beneath the Baikal Rift Zone and argue that it is sub-horizontal asthenospheric flow that may give rise to volcanism in this and perhaps many other rift areas. The Baikal Rift Zone is located at the boundary of the stable Siberian Platform and deforming Baikal-Sayan fold belt (Fig ...
Propagation of the Hawaiian-Emperor volcano chain by Pacific plate
... The two main explanations for the Hawaiian-Emperor volcano chain are mantle plume models (Morgan, 1971; Sleep, 1992) and lithosphere propagating crack models (Dana, 1849; Jackson and Shaw, 1975; Clague and Dalrymple, 1989). Both require northwest motion of the Pacific plate with respect to Hawaii (F ...
... The two main explanations for the Hawaiian-Emperor volcano chain are mantle plume models (Morgan, 1971; Sleep, 1992) and lithosphere propagating crack models (Dana, 1849; Jackson and Shaw, 1975; Clague and Dalrymple, 1989). Both require northwest motion of the Pacific plate with respect to Hawaii (F ...
CHAPTER 6 COULOMB STRESS CHANGES AND SEISMOGENSIS
... matching with the inferred fault along a 75 km X 35 km rupture plane. The maximum dislocation is 8.5 m at 25 km depth, reducing to about a meter near surface. The source duration is 25 sec. The viscosity of this under laying half space is set to 2X1019 Pas (Model 1). The distribution of slip is not ...
... matching with the inferred fault along a 75 km X 35 km rupture plane. The maximum dislocation is 8.5 m at 25 km depth, reducing to about a meter near surface. The source duration is 25 sec. The viscosity of this under laying half space is set to 2X1019 Pas (Model 1). The distribution of slip is not ...
22.4 Plate Tectonics
... There are about a dozen major tectonic plates. Most major plates contain both continental and oceanic crust. The edges of plates meet at plate boundaries. As the plates move apart, collide, or slide past each other, they cause changes in Earth’s surface. ...
... There are about a dozen major tectonic plates. Most major plates contain both continental and oceanic crust. The edges of plates meet at plate boundaries. As the plates move apart, collide, or slide past each other, they cause changes in Earth’s surface. ...
22.4 Plate Tectonics
... There are about a dozen major tectonic plates. Most major plates contain both continental and oceanic crust. The edges of plates meet at plate boundaries. As the plates move apart, collide, or slide past each other, they cause changes in Earth’s surface. ...
... There are about a dozen major tectonic plates. Most major plates contain both continental and oceanic crust. The edges of plates meet at plate boundaries. As the plates move apart, collide, or slide past each other, they cause changes in Earth’s surface. ...
Earth`sInterior WS-W.. - J-DESC
... because of widespread interest to link major dynamics in the Earth’s deep mantle with a global environmental impact on the Earth’s surface (e.g. Coffin and Eldholm, 1994). The Cretaceous Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) in the western Pacific, which is the largest of the world’s LIPs with an area of ~2 x 1 ...
... because of widespread interest to link major dynamics in the Earth’s deep mantle with a global environmental impact on the Earth’s surface (e.g. Coffin and Eldholm, 1994). The Cretaceous Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) in the western Pacific, which is the largest of the world’s LIPs with an area of ~2 x 1 ...
Mantle convection in the Middle East: Reconciling Afar - HAL-Insu
... regions are found behind the Aegean trench and in the Makran–Persian Gulf (Barrier and Vrielynck, 2010). The vertical motion of these areas is Neogene to Recent and its origins are still poorly understood (Şengör et al., 2003 and Göğüş and Pysklywec, 2008). Residual topography, computed by removing ...
... regions are found behind the Aegean trench and in the Makran–Persian Gulf (Barrier and Vrielynck, 2010). The vertical motion of these areas is Neogene to Recent and its origins are still poorly understood (Şengör et al., 2003 and Göğüş and Pysklywec, 2008). Residual topography, computed by removing ...
Australian Journal of Earth Sciences - ePIC
... www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/aedc/bedmap/4) with information about the bedrock topography and ice thickness (Lythe et al. 2000). Total errors of about 1 – 5% (radar data) and 3% (seismic data) on the related ice thickness determinations suggest that the results in Figure 1 may involve uncertainties of ...
... www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/public/aedc/bedmap/4) with information about the bedrock topography and ice thickness (Lythe et al. 2000). Total errors of about 1 – 5% (radar data) and 3% (seismic data) on the related ice thickness determinations suggest that the results in Figure 1 may involve uncertainties of ...
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp
... errors, either event location or timing, or due to undermodeling. As this data set was bulk processed, error control was not complete but hopefully the quantity of data has canceled this to some degree. Anisotropic parameters that are significant for P n ray paths have been ignored (Vetter and Minis ...
... errors, either event location or timing, or due to undermodeling. As this data set was bulk processed, error control was not complete but hopefully the quantity of data has canceled this to some degree. Anisotropic parameters that are significant for P n ray paths have been ignored (Vetter and Minis ...
Post-glacial rebound
Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.