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... Mapping Earth’s Internal Structure (cont.) • Shadow zones are areas that do not receive seismic waves. – Secondary waves only travel through solids and cannot penetrate the outer core. – Primary waves can travel through solids and their paths bend through liquids. – Because primary waves bend, scien ...
... Mapping Earth’s Internal Structure (cont.) • Shadow zones are areas that do not receive seismic waves. – Secondary waves only travel through solids and cannot penetrate the outer core. – Primary waves can travel through solids and their paths bend through liquids. – Because primary waves bend, scien ...
pdf-file - Art Periods
... particularly important for understanding the mechanisms and consequences of plate coupling in subduction zones. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake, the Mw = 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake, occurred along the south-central Chilean subduction zone and ruptured more than 1000 km length of the ...
... particularly important for understanding the mechanisms and consequences of plate coupling in subduction zones. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake, the Mw = 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake, occurred along the south-central Chilean subduction zone and ruptured more than 1000 km length of the ...
vertical displacement rate field of taiwan from geodetic levelling data
... disadvantage of geodetic levelling is the high cost and the large amount of time needed for collecting the data over long distances or over a large network. Taiwan is situated at the convergence boundary of the Philippine Sea and the Eurasian plates. As a result, significant crustal deformation rate ...
... disadvantage of geodetic levelling is the high cost and the large amount of time needed for collecting the data over long distances or over a large network. Taiwan is situated at the convergence boundary of the Philippine Sea and the Eurasian plates. As a result, significant crustal deformation rate ...
protocontinent accretion from plume plateaus on venus
... INTRODUCTION. The process and timing of continent formation on Earth are unknown, but continents are believed to represent areas of anomalously thickened crust that nucleated in the early Archean, grew relatively rapidly, and continued to accrete with other areas of thickened crust over geologic tim ...
... INTRODUCTION. The process and timing of continent formation on Earth are unknown, but continents are believed to represent areas of anomalously thickened crust that nucleated in the early Archean, grew relatively rapidly, and continued to accrete with other areas of thickened crust over geologic tim ...
Isostasy and structure of the lower crust and upper mantle in the
... the blast at Meekatharra recorded southwards is much less than that for similar phases recorded northwards (Drummond, 1979c). This implies that the crust thins south of Meekatharra. Drummond (1979c, 1981) interpreted seismic first• order velocity discontinuities at all boundaries within the crust. I ...
... the blast at Meekatharra recorded southwards is much less than that for similar phases recorded northwards (Drummond, 1979c). This implies that the crust thins south of Meekatharra. Drummond (1979c, 1981) interpreted seismic first• order velocity discontinuities at all boundaries within the crust. I ...
tectonic plates
... • Tectonic plate boundaries may be in the middle of the ocean floor, around the edges of continents, or even within continents. • The three types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. • Each plate boundary is associated with a characteristic t ...
... • Tectonic plate boundaries may be in the middle of the ocean floor, around the edges of continents, or even within continents. • The three types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. • Each plate boundary is associated with a characteristic t ...
Why did not the Ontong Java Plateau form subaerially?
... 4 shows a depressurized geotherm in case of crater excavation of top 60 km (geotherm B). A considerable fraction of lithosphere is removed by an impact and the mantle below is uplifted by viscous relaxation, which would take place on the order of thousand years. It should be apparent that this depre ...
... 4 shows a depressurized geotherm in case of crater excavation of top 60 km (geotherm B). A considerable fraction of lithosphere is removed by an impact and the mantle below is uplifted by viscous relaxation, which would take place on the order of thousand years. It should be apparent that this depre ...
Buckling an orogen: The Cantabrian Orocline
... models were imaged using 3-D computer tomography (CT). Details of the experiments can be found in Pastor-Galán et al. (2012). The experimental set-up consisted of a 30 × 12 × 8 cm elongate model plate (crust and lithospheric mantle and its underlying asthenospheric mantle), which was shortened into ...
... models were imaged using 3-D computer tomography (CT). Details of the experiments can be found in Pastor-Galán et al. (2012). The experimental set-up consisted of a 30 × 12 × 8 cm elongate model plate (crust and lithospheric mantle and its underlying asthenospheric mantle), which was shortened into ...
Context > See-Through Body > Teaching and Learning
... the numbers off to the nearest whole number: Latitude -7, Longitude 155. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator (which is 0 o latitude). A minus sign indicates the co-ordinate is south of the equator, no sign indicates that it is north. There aren’t many numbers marked on the seism ...
... the numbers off to the nearest whole number: Latitude -7, Longitude 155. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator (which is 0 o latitude). A minus sign indicates the co-ordinate is south of the equator, no sign indicates that it is north. There aren’t many numbers marked on the seism ...
Global Kinematics in the Deep Vs Shallow
... Moreover, assuming a deep source for the hotspots, a number of models have been computed to infer deep mantle circulation (e.g., Steinberger and O’Connell, 1998; Steinberger, 2000). These models argue that volcanic tracks move opposite to plate motions. However, this may be regarded again as a probl ...
... Moreover, assuming a deep source for the hotspots, a number of models have been computed to infer deep mantle circulation (e.g., Steinberger and O’Connell, 1998; Steinberger, 2000). These models argue that volcanic tracks move opposite to plate motions. However, this may be regarded again as a probl ...
Word - LEARNZ
... the numbers off to the nearest whole number: Latitude -7, Longitude 155. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator (which is 0 o latitude). A minus sign indicates the co-ordinate is south of the equator, no sign indicates that it is north. There aren’t many numbers marked on the seism ...
... the numbers off to the nearest whole number: Latitude -7, Longitude 155. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator (which is 0 o latitude). A minus sign indicates the co-ordinate is south of the equator, no sign indicates that it is north. There aren’t many numbers marked on the seism ...
Implications of Subduction Rehydration for Earth`s Deep
... subduction to a given present-day value. This present-day value is assumed to vary by factors between 0 and 2 around the average value of 1.6x105kg/m 2 given above. As these estimates give total water retention per square meter of subducted ocean floor, the spreading (or subduction) rates must also ...
... subduction to a given present-day value. This present-day value is assumed to vary by factors between 0 and 2 around the average value of 1.6x105kg/m 2 given above. As these estimates give total water retention per square meter of subducted ocean floor, the spreading (or subduction) rates must also ...
Microseismicity of the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge
... the Arctic Ocean, the use of ocean-bottom seismometers bears the risk of instrument and data loss. In this pilot study, we used for the first time drifting ice floes as platforms for small seismological arrays. The arrays consisted of four three-component seismometers equipped with GPS devices and a ...
... the Arctic Ocean, the use of ocean-bottom seismometers bears the risk of instrument and data loss. In this pilot study, we used for the first time drifting ice floes as platforms for small seismological arrays. The arrays consisted of four three-component seismometers equipped with GPS devices and a ...
Microseismicity of the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic
... the Arctic Ocean, the use of ocean-bottom seismometers bears the risk of instrument and data loss. In this pilot study, we used for the first time drifting ice floes as platforms for small seismological arrays. The arrays consisted of four three-component seismometers equipped with GPS devices and a ...
... the Arctic Ocean, the use of ocean-bottom seismometers bears the risk of instrument and data loss. In this pilot study, we used for the first time drifting ice floes as platforms for small seismological arrays. The arrays consisted of four three-component seismometers equipped with GPS devices and a ...
Geodynamics Workshop 2012 PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS
... smaller surface uplift during the development of many LIPs, such as the Siberian Traps, Deccan Traps and Ontong Java Plateau. Recently, it was shown [3] that a thermo-chemical plume, which contains a fraction of 10-20% of eclogitic material derived from recycled oceanic crust, explains the observati ...
... smaller surface uplift during the development of many LIPs, such as the Siberian Traps, Deccan Traps and Ontong Java Plateau. Recently, it was shown [3] that a thermo-chemical plume, which contains a fraction of 10-20% of eclogitic material derived from recycled oceanic crust, explains the observati ...
1 The role of the mantle wedge in subduction zone dynamics and
... volcanoes, hydrothermal fields, and the presence of a pronounced negative gravity anomaly, which can be explained by the presence of extensive melting at mid-crustal depths [67]. The geoid and topography over subduction zones provide additional, if indirect, constraints on thermal structure and dyna ...
... volcanoes, hydrothermal fields, and the presence of a pronounced negative gravity anomaly, which can be explained by the presence of extensive melting at mid-crustal depths [67]. The geoid and topography over subduction zones provide additional, if indirect, constraints on thermal structure and dyna ...
Word format
... longer active, but many are still active today. Where was the largest earthquake in the recorded history of the continental United States in the winter of 1811-1812? _____________________________________ There were 3 large earthquakes all above a magnitude 7, the largest an 8.1. The faults that prod ...
... longer active, but many are still active today. Where was the largest earthquake in the recorded history of the continental United States in the winter of 1811-1812? _____________________________________ There were 3 large earthquakes all above a magnitude 7, the largest an 8.1. The faults that prod ...
ferrari answers
... and numerical models (slide 4) suggest that it cannot be detected in a region with a long and complex history of plate convergence. However, in the north-eastern part of the TMVB there are indication of an uplift in late Miocene times (slide 5 and 6) such as the outcrop of Precambrian and Paelozoic ...
... and numerical models (slide 4) suggest that it cannot be detected in a region with a long and complex history of plate convergence. However, in the north-eastern part of the TMVB there are indication of an uplift in late Miocene times (slide 5 and 6) such as the outcrop of Precambrian and Paelozoic ...
Context > See-Through Body > Teaching and Learning Approaches
... the numbers off to the nearest whole number: Latitude -7, Longitude 155. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator (which is 0 o latitude). A minus sign indicates the co-ordinate is south of the equator, no sign indicates that it is north. There aren’t many numbers marked on the seism ...
... the numbers off to the nearest whole number: Latitude -7, Longitude 155. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator (which is 0 o latitude). A minus sign indicates the co-ordinate is south of the equator, no sign indicates that it is north. There aren’t many numbers marked on the seism ...
Partial delamination of continental mantle lithosphere, uplift
... deposition rates of coarse sediments supplied into the foreland basin from the eroding orogen (Artyushkov et al., 1996; Sanders, 1998). As a consequence of uplift and associated exhumation, the vertical stress became the maximum compressive stress in rock formations approaching the surface, whilst t ...
... deposition rates of coarse sediments supplied into the foreland basin from the eroding orogen (Artyushkov et al., 1996; Sanders, 1998). As a consequence of uplift and associated exhumation, the vertical stress became the maximum compressive stress in rock formations approaching the surface, whilst t ...
Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth`s mantle
... that the primary hotspots form two distinct subsets in each one of the two geodynamically distinct hemispheres. Each subset deforms an order of magnitude slower than typical plate velocities. The two subsets have been in slow motion for the last 45 Ma, but in much faster motion in the previous (at l ...
... that the primary hotspots form two distinct subsets in each one of the two geodynamically distinct hemispheres. Each subset deforms an order of magnitude slower than typical plate velocities. The two subsets have been in slow motion for the last 45 Ma, but in much faster motion in the previous (at l ...
Small-scale convection at the edge of the Colorado Plateau
... crossed below the BRP and below the CP edge; the resultant amount of modeled melt depends on the initial thickness of the BRP lithosphere, the extension rate, and the amount of convectively removed mantle lithosphere. CP edge magmatism produced by this process can explain the late Neogene to present ...
... crossed below the BRP and below the CP edge; the resultant amount of modeled melt depends on the initial thickness of the BRP lithosphere, the extension rate, and the amount of convectively removed mantle lithosphere. CP edge magmatism produced by this process can explain the late Neogene to present ...
WORKSHOP REPORTS B. Ildefonse1, DM Christie2
... ridges. This similarity, however is limited in space, and crustal architecture typically varies along-axis, toward segment ends, where it is more heterogeneous and even discontinuous. In such areas, the ocean crust consists of a mixture of serpentinized peridotite and gabbroic intrusions, locally ca ...
... ridges. This similarity, however is limited in space, and crustal architecture typically varies along-axis, toward segment ends, where it is more heterogeneous and even discontinuous. In such areas, the ocean crust consists of a mixture of serpentinized peridotite and gabbroic intrusions, locally ca ...
Science Article PDF - Geological Society of America
... graphic swell left in the wake of the northeast-propagating (relative to North America) hotspot. The topographic swell is thought to result from plume flattening beneath the southwest-moving lithosphere (Anders and Sleep, 1992), as conceptualized in Figure 2. The swell’s margins have been termed the ...
... graphic swell left in the wake of the northeast-propagating (relative to North America) hotspot. The topographic swell is thought to result from plume flattening beneath the southwest-moving lithosphere (Anders and Sleep, 1992), as conceptualized in Figure 2. The swell’s margins have been termed the ...
Scientific Ocean Drilling: Accomplishments and Challenges
... extensive subseafloor biosphere that may well inhabit all of the world’s oceanic sediments and much of the planet’s crystalline crust. This booklet summarizes the findings of the National Research Council report, Scientific Ocean Drilling: Accomplishments and Challenges. The report looks at signific ...
... extensive subseafloor biosphere that may well inhabit all of the world’s oceanic sediments and much of the planet’s crystalline crust. This booklet summarizes the findings of the National Research Council report, Scientific Ocean Drilling: Accomplishments and Challenges. The report looks at signific ...
Post-glacial rebound
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Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.