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... tant in the exploration for oil and natural gas where artificially generated seismic waves are used to probe the crust. Petroleum tends to get trapped in certain kinds of geological structures, and these structures are identified by mapping out the layering of the upper crust. The price of gasoline ...
... tant in the exploration for oil and natural gas where artificially generated seismic waves are used to probe the crust. Petroleum tends to get trapped in certain kinds of geological structures, and these structures are identified by mapping out the layering of the upper crust. The price of gasoline ...
macpherson_hall_1999 Tectonic controls on arc magmatism
... Halmahera and Bacan. High values for Zr/Nb ratios occur in melts derived from mantle that has experienced previous melt extraction (Woodhead et al, 1993) and probably require a relatively high fluid flux to induce melting. Thus, the Neogene data for Halmahera are consistent with a mantle wedge that ...
... Halmahera and Bacan. High values for Zr/Nb ratios occur in melts derived from mantle that has experienced previous melt extraction (Woodhead et al, 1993) and probably require a relatively high fluid flux to induce melting. Thus, the Neogene data for Halmahera are consistent with a mantle wedge that ...
Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world`s ocean
... This model is supported by geophysical characteristics of the Ionian and east Mediterranean basins (e.g. isostatic equilibrium, seismic velocities, elastic thickness), suggesting that the age of the seafloor must be older than Early Jurassic [Stampfli and Borel, 2002]. The model is also supported b ...
... This model is supported by geophysical characteristics of the Ionian and east Mediterranean basins (e.g. isostatic equilibrium, seismic velocities, elastic thickness), suggesting that the age of the seafloor must be older than Early Jurassic [Stampfli and Borel, 2002]. The model is also supported b ...
2.isca-irjes-2014-01.. - International Science Congress Association
... early stage decisive whether the lithosphere will entirely subduct, delaminate, or will not subduct at all10. To obtain subduction, Tagawa12 suggested that weakening of the plate boundary is even more important than the rheology of the lithosphere which depends on many factors.One of the factorswhic ...
... early stage decisive whether the lithosphere will entirely subduct, delaminate, or will not subduct at all10. To obtain subduction, Tagawa12 suggested that weakening of the plate boundary is even more important than the rheology of the lithosphere which depends on many factors.One of the factorswhic ...
The Moho beneath western Tibet: Shear zones and eclogitization in
... are the changes in structure that occur beneath the mapped major structural features. Near the surface the black lines on Fig. 5b are associated with mapped faults and shear zones; in the lower crust these black lines should be interpreted as ductile shear zones rather than seismically active faults ...
... are the changes in structure that occur beneath the mapped major structural features. Near the surface the black lines on Fig. 5b are associated with mapped faults and shear zones; in the lower crust these black lines should be interpreted as ductile shear zones rather than seismically active faults ...
A rare great earthquake on an oceanic fossil
... Broad-band body and mantle wave data are used to study the 2004 December 23, Tasman Sea earthquake. In common with other strike-slip earthquakes studied in the same fashion, the mantle wave data indicates that there are two pure-double couple constrained solutions, along with a range of mechanisms b ...
... Broad-band body and mantle wave data are used to study the 2004 December 23, Tasman Sea earthquake. In common with other strike-slip earthquakes studied in the same fashion, the mantle wave data indicates that there are two pure-double couple constrained solutions, along with a range of mechanisms b ...
Buildup of a dynamically supported orogenic plateau: Numerical
... Abstract The Iranian plateau is a vast inland region with a smooth average elevation of c. 1.5 km formed at the rear of the Zagros orogen as a result of the Arabia-Eurasia collision (i.e., over the last 30–35 Myr). This collision zone is of particular interest due to its disputed resemblance to the ...
... Abstract The Iranian plateau is a vast inland region with a smooth average elevation of c. 1.5 km formed at the rear of the Zagros orogen as a result of the Arabia-Eurasia collision (i.e., over the last 30–35 Myr). This collision zone is of particular interest due to its disputed resemblance to the ...
Beyond Plate Tectonics: “Plate” Dynamics
... official act is to kill off all other potential queens. This is the way strong models operate, whether it is plate tectonics or opposition to cold fusion. To some plate tectonicians, the Meyerhoffs were viewed as crackpots. It is one thing to throw out the interpretation of the facts; it is an enti ...
... official act is to kill off all other potential queens. This is the way strong models operate, whether it is plate tectonics or opposition to cold fusion. To some plate tectonicians, the Meyerhoffs were viewed as crackpots. It is one thing to throw out the interpretation of the facts; it is an enti ...
HS Plate Tectonics
... mantle form as material near the core heats up. As the core heats the bottom layer of mantle material, particles move more rapidly, decreasing its density and causing it to rise. The rising material begins the convection current. When the warm material reaches the surface, it spreads horizontally. T ...
... mantle form as material near the core heats up. As the core heats the bottom layer of mantle material, particles move more rapidly, decreasing its density and causing it to rise. The rising material begins the convection current. When the warm material reaches the surface, it spreads horizontally. T ...
Plate Motion
... uller et al. (2008)) can be used to compute a rotation pole, since the spreading rate varies as the sine of the colatitude (i.e., angular distance) from the rotation pole. 3. Fault plane solutions (focal mechanisms) of earthquakes at plate boundaries can be utilized to compute the direction of relat ...
... uller et al. (2008)) can be used to compute a rotation pole, since the spreading rate varies as the sine of the colatitude (i.e., angular distance) from the rotation pole. 3. Fault plane solutions (focal mechanisms) of earthquakes at plate boundaries can be utilized to compute the direction of relat ...
plate tectonics
... One support of deep mantle convection are plumes “Hotspots” of lava that might originate at the core-mantle boundary and that give rise to island chains such as Hawaii. ...
... One support of deep mantle convection are plumes “Hotspots” of lava that might originate at the core-mantle boundary and that give rise to island chains such as Hawaii. ...
Mechanics of active magmatic intraplating in the Rio Grande Rift
... We used these data to generate a set of 95 radar interferograms. The data were processed using JPL/Caltech software suite ROI_PAC and a 1 arc second digital elevation model from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission [Farr and Kobrick, 2000]. We investigated a possible variability in the uplift rates ...
... We used these data to generate a set of 95 radar interferograms. The data were processed using JPL/Caltech software suite ROI_PAC and a 1 arc second digital elevation model from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission [Farr and Kobrick, 2000]. We investigated a possible variability in the uplift rates ...
Static and dynamic support of western United States
... The evaluation of crustal and lithospheric structure in light of seismological, gravity, and topography constraints can provide insights into the forces that drive tectonic deformation. One issue arising especially for continental plates is how much of the topographic signal is compensated by latera ...
... The evaluation of crustal and lithospheric structure in light of seismological, gravity, and topography constraints can provide insights into the forces that drive tectonic deformation. One issue arising especially for continental plates is how much of the topographic signal is compensated by latera ...
Terrestrial aftermath of the Moon
... (a) Heat flux through earliest atmosphere Following Lupu et al. [4], we take an initial atmospheric composition given by the gases in equilibrium with the magma ocean. The chemical equilibrium calculations (see also [9]) show that this atmosphere will be constituted mostly of water and CO2 . The tot ...
... (a) Heat flux through earliest atmosphere Following Lupu et al. [4], we take an initial atmospheric composition given by the gases in equilibrium with the magma ocean. The chemical equilibrium calculations (see also [9]) show that this atmosphere will be constituted mostly of water and CO2 . The tot ...
Constraints on the Lithospheric Structure of Venus from Mechanical
... on the basis of Venera lander results that show surface rocks ...
... on the basis of Venera lander results that show surface rocks ...
Basement structures from satellite-derived gravity field: South China
... isolines. Another application is found in using the principle of isostatic balance and the observed gravity field in determining the lateral density or thickness variations of the lithosphere [Ebbing et al., 2006]. In this case the estimation of the crustal loads is necessary, which are greatly dete ...
... isolines. Another application is found in using the principle of isostatic balance and the observed gravity field in determining the lateral density or thickness variations of the lithosphere [Ebbing et al., 2006]. In this case the estimation of the crustal loads is necessary, which are greatly dete ...
Mantle plumes and dynamics of the Earth interior — towards a new
... A b s t r a c t . Seismic tomography provides reconstructions of thermal-density structure of the Earth’s mantle as deep as the mantle/core boundary (CMB). For the first time, a direct image of dynamic processes, occurring inside the globe, was obtained. Existing plate-tectonic models of modern geod ...
... A b s t r a c t . Seismic tomography provides reconstructions of thermal-density structure of the Earth’s mantle as deep as the mantle/core boundary (CMB). For the first time, a direct image of dynamic processes, occurring inside the globe, was obtained. Existing plate-tectonic models of modern geod ...
The lithosphere under stress
... for the entropy change on melting: use of a higher value causes a decrease in the calculated amount of melt generated from mantle at a given temperature. In the original calculations they also allowed the mantle to decompress to the surface, and thus to continue generating melt: restricting the shal ...
... for the entropy change on melting: use of a higher value causes a decrease in the calculated amount of melt generated from mantle at a given temperature. In the original calculations they also allowed the mantle to decompress to the surface, and thus to continue generating melt: restricting the shal ...
Distinct crustal isostasy trends east and west of the Rocky Mountain
... continuous large-scale studies could provide a more systematic perspective. As a result of EarthScope’s USArray deployment of broadband seismometers it is possible to investigate lithospheric structure across the contiguous U.S. with about 70 km horizontal resolution and compare the remnants of anci ...
... continuous large-scale studies could provide a more systematic perspective. As a result of EarthScope’s USArray deployment of broadband seismometers it is possible to investigate lithospheric structure across the contiguous U.S. with about 70 km horizontal resolution and compare the remnants of anci ...
Subduction flip in the Mediterranean and the asymmetry of Alps and
... subducting slabs converged toward the upper plate in the double-vergent thick-skinned AlpsBetics and Dinarides. The hinge diverged from the upper plate in the single-vergent thinskinned Apennines-Maghrebides and Carpathians orogens. The mass deficit caused by the lithosphere retreat was compensated ...
... subducting slabs converged toward the upper plate in the double-vergent thick-skinned AlpsBetics and Dinarides. The hinge diverged from the upper plate in the single-vergent thinskinned Apennines-Maghrebides and Carpathians orogens. The mass deficit caused by the lithosphere retreat was compensated ...
Gernigon, L., O. Olesen, J. Ebbing, S. Wienecke
... Using a new high-resolution aeromagnetic survey (JAS-05) that was acquired along the trend of the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone (JMFZ), west of the Vøring volcanic margin, we investigated the geodynamic framework of the early spreading evolution of the Norwegian–Greenland Sea. The tectonic structure, main ...
... Using a new high-resolution aeromagnetic survey (JAS-05) that was acquired along the trend of the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone (JMFZ), west of the Vøring volcanic margin, we investigated the geodynamic framework of the early spreading evolution of the Norwegian–Greenland Sea. The tectonic structure, main ...
Mechanical and thermal effects of floating continents on the global
... (58x144x216, ∆r=50km, r∆θ=140km and r∆φmax=200km) with sufficient accuracy (about four ...
... (58x144x216, ∆r=50km, r∆θ=140km and r∆φmax=200km) with sufficient accuracy (about four ...
Plate Tectonics Lecture Notes
... In lava, magnetic particles are constantly bumping and moving around since they are in a “liquid” form. As the lava cools down, the magnetic particles slow down, and their attraction towards the magnetic North Pole of the Earth is strong enough to orient them in the same direction as the Earth’s mag ...
... In lava, magnetic particles are constantly bumping and moving around since they are in a “liquid” form. As the lava cools down, the magnetic particles slow down, and their attraction towards the magnetic North Pole of the Earth is strong enough to orient them in the same direction as the Earth’s mag ...
Numerical and laboratory studies of mantle convection: Philosophy
... produce a ‘statistically steady-state’. The level to which specific observations can be matched increases as timescale is decreased, mainly because the short term or instantaneous experiments require imposing the model setup or initial conditions such that observations are matched. Each of these app ...
... produce a ‘statistically steady-state’. The level to which specific observations can be matched increases as timescale is decreased, mainly because the short term or instantaneous experiments require imposing the model setup or initial conditions such that observations are matched. Each of these app ...
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... ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: -What features of Earth’s crust do convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries form? -What land features formed by the movement of tectonic plates can be observed using images from space? ...
... ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: -What features of Earth’s crust do convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries form? -What land features formed by the movement of tectonic plates can be observed using images from space? ...
Post-glacial rebound
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Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.