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Unraveling topography around subduction zones from
... The relief around subduction zones results from the interplay of dynamic processes that may locally exceed the (iso)static contributions. The viscous dissipation of the energy in and around subduction zones is capable of generating kilometer scale vertical movements at the surface. In order to evalu ...
... The relief around subduction zones results from the interplay of dynamic processes that may locally exceed the (iso)static contributions. The viscous dissipation of the energy in and around subduction zones is capable of generating kilometer scale vertical movements at the surface. In order to evalu ...
Analogue modelling of continental collision: Influence of plate
... addition, the shear zone is maintained by far field stresses generated by the attachment of an earlier subducted oceanic slab (e.g. Toussaint et al., 2004a). Far field stresses within the model generated by the moving wall are mostly accommodated within the much thicker ductile layers. Therefore, we l ...
... addition, the shear zone is maintained by far field stresses generated by the attachment of an earlier subducted oceanic slab (e.g. Toussaint et al., 2004a). Far field stresses within the model generated by the moving wall are mostly accommodated within the much thicker ductile layers. Therefore, we l ...
Deep-scattering layer, gas-bladder density, and size estimates using
... (Seager, 2008). Fish length was measured as standard length and siphonophore length was measured by the total length of the swimming bell zone. In 2011, the optical system was triggered at a 5 s interval as it was lowered through the water column to have a continuous sampling rate. Optical images we ...
... (Seager, 2008). Fish length was measured as standard length and siphonophore length was measured by the total length of the swimming bell zone. In 2011, the optical system was triggered at a 5 s interval as it was lowered through the water column to have a continuous sampling rate. Optical images we ...
Osmium-isotope variations in Hawaiian lavas: evidence
... 0.7045 (Rb=Sr ³ 0.030; [31]). Because Rb is more incompatible than Sr during partial melting in the mantle, the Rb=Sr ratio of the Koolau source should be lower than that measured in the lavas, so that the measured ratios place an upper bound on the source ratio. Other trace element ratios that are ...
... 0.7045 (Rb=Sr ³ 0.030; [31]). Because Rb is more incompatible than Sr during partial melting in the mantle, the Rb=Sr ratio of the Koolau source should be lower than that measured in the lavas, so that the measured ratios place an upper bound on the source ratio. Other trace element ratios that are ...
Early opening history of the North Atlantic — I. Structure
... (4) The Faeroes Plateau. The crustal structure here has been shown (Bott et al. 1974) to be: (a) consistent with that of normal continental type and thickness, and (b) significantly different from the anomalous oceanic crust of the adjacent Iceland-Faeroe Ridge (Bott, Nielsen & Sunderland 1976). It ...
... (4) The Faeroes Plateau. The crustal structure here has been shown (Bott et al. 1974) to be: (a) consistent with that of normal continental type and thickness, and (b) significantly different from the anomalous oceanic crust of the adjacent Iceland-Faeroe Ridge (Bott, Nielsen & Sunderland 1976). It ...
Tectonically asymmetric Earth - Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra
... 1990). Deviations from this global flow have been ascribed to plate subrotations (Cuffaro et al., 2008), a phenomenon frequently invoked for microplates, and the effects of adjacent plates. GPS data of the last decades have shown that plates now move at speeds and trends quite similar to those of the ...
... 1990). Deviations from this global flow have been ascribed to plate subrotations (Cuffaro et al., 2008), a phenomenon frequently invoked for microplates, and the effects of adjacent plates. GPS data of the last decades have shown that plates now move at speeds and trends quite similar to those of the ...
Crustal structure and evolution of the Mariana intra
... the mantle-derived basalt magma forms the initial arc crust, which is most simply composed of differentiated basalt and cumulate layers. This model regards the basaltic materials underplated at the bottom of the crust as a part of the “crust.” The differentiated basalt layer is then remelted by basa ...
... the mantle-derived basalt magma forms the initial arc crust, which is most simply composed of differentiated basalt and cumulate layers. This model regards the basaltic materials underplated at the bottom of the crust as a part of the “crust.” The differentiated basalt layer is then remelted by basa ...
1 Bacterial vs. zooplankton control of sinking particle
... from the surface to the deep ocean is fundamental to understanding the global cycling of ...
... from the surface to the deep ocean is fundamental to understanding the global cycling of ...
Thermal structure of the shallow upper mantle beneath Italy and
... technique that includes the sensitivity of the temperature derived from Vs (shear-waves velocity) to the hydrous melt presence. This enhanced procedure provides supplementary information concerning the melt fraction (MF) in the upper mantle, corresponding to the temperature value inferred by the con ...
... technique that includes the sensitivity of the temperature derived from Vs (shear-waves velocity) to the hydrous melt presence. This enhanced procedure provides supplementary information concerning the melt fraction (MF) in the upper mantle, corresponding to the temperature value inferred by the con ...
Review of the Lithium Isotope System as a Geochemical Tracer
... The Li isotopic composition of river water is not highly sensitive to that of the bedrock, in contrast to radiogenic isotopic ratios used to monitor chemical weathering (Huh et al., 1998). There is thus promise in using the evolution of the Li isotope ratio of seawater to assess past changes in the ...
... The Li isotopic composition of river water is not highly sensitive to that of the bedrock, in contrast to radiogenic isotopic ratios used to monitor chemical weathering (Huh et al., 1998). There is thus promise in using the evolution of the Li isotope ratio of seawater to assess past changes in the ...
As technology has advanced so has our understanding of the
... metres) 3 are of interest to science and industry alike. All have been sampled with an eye to their biotechnology potential. This paper focuses on only one of these deep-sea habitats, namely deep-sea hydrothermal vents or deep-sea hot springs. It examines a number of key questions in relation to bio ...
... metres) 3 are of interest to science and industry alike. All have been sampled with an eye to their biotechnology potential. This paper focuses on only one of these deep-sea habitats, namely deep-sea hydrothermal vents or deep-sea hot springs. It examines a number of key questions in relation to bio ...
Cenozoic mass extinctions in the deep sea
... are higher, sediments are more heterogeneous, and food particles may be supplied not only from primary productivity in the overlying waters but also by lateral transport of usually more refractory organic matter (e.g., Fontanier et al., 2005). Bottom- and pore-water oxygenation is usually inversely ...
... are higher, sediments are more heterogeneous, and food particles may be supplied not only from primary productivity in the overlying waters but also by lateral transport of usually more refractory organic matter (e.g., Fontanier et al., 2005). Bottom- and pore-water oxygenation is usually inversely ...
Slide 1 - Global Heat Flow Database
... In the Andes region of steep subduction, HFD increases sharply to >250 mW m-2 at the volcanic front and the high HFD region extends about 200 km behind the VF. At 300 km behind the VF, HFD has declined to 60 mW m-2. HFD is relatively stable in the back arc basins as well as in Precambrian regions t ...
... In the Andes region of steep subduction, HFD increases sharply to >250 mW m-2 at the volcanic front and the high HFD region extends about 200 km behind the VF. At 300 km behind the VF, HFD has declined to 60 mW m-2. HFD is relatively stable in the back arc basins as well as in Precambrian regions t ...
- Wiley Online Library
... [Capitanio et al., 2010]. However, we emphasize that the goal of this work is not to reproduce the tectonic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen but to understand the most basic physics behind the development of an evolved orogen. Consequently, the velocity boundary conditions were chosen to be ...
... [Capitanio et al., 2010]. However, we emphasize that the goal of this work is not to reproduce the tectonic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen but to understand the most basic physics behind the development of an evolved orogen. Consequently, the velocity boundary conditions were chosen to be ...
3 Factors controlling the crustal density structure - diss.fu
... continental lithosphere depends exclusively on the surface heat flow density Qs. Common variance in Qs (±5 mW/m2), k (±0.5 mW/m2) and H (±0.3 µW/m3) lead to a temperature uncertainty of ±200°C (~20%) at 60 km depth. Two extreme thermal situations were explored; a cold geotherm representing shield co ...
... continental lithosphere depends exclusively on the surface heat flow density Qs. Common variance in Qs (±5 mW/m2), k (±0.5 mW/m2) and H (±0.3 µW/m3) lead to a temperature uncertainty of ±200°C (~20%) at 60 km depth. Two extreme thermal situations were explored; a cold geotherm representing shield co ...
unep/cbd/sbstta/20/inf/25
... and indirectly lead to increasing deoxygenation and expansion of low oxygen zones. This can lead to community shifts, changes in nitrogen cycling, and modification of habitat ranges. Ocean acidification, temperature, salinity, stratification and mixing can be influenced by natural variability, so th ...
... and indirectly lead to increasing deoxygenation and expansion of low oxygen zones. This can lead to community shifts, changes in nitrogen cycling, and modification of habitat ranges. Ocean acidification, temperature, salinity, stratification and mixing can be influenced by natural variability, so th ...
Full text in pdf format
... m01 m-' d-l. The water column in the immediate vicinity of the deep kelp bed at Natal Bank was very clear at the time of the survey (Fig. 4 ) . The extinction coefficient was remarkably low (0.059 to 0.054 m-'), while the euphotic zone reached 78 to 85 m. In the absence of canopy shading, the deepes ...
... m01 m-' d-l. The water column in the immediate vicinity of the deep kelp bed at Natal Bank was very clear at the time of the survey (Fig. 4 ) . The extinction coefficient was remarkably low (0.059 to 0.054 m-'), while the euphotic zone reached 78 to 85 m. In the absence of canopy shading, the deepes ...
Calcium isotopic composition of high-latitude
... salinity changes in response to the Pliocene closure of the Central American Gateway (Gussone et al., 2004). Contrary to the latter findings, several studies have reported a small response of Ca isotopic composition to temperature. Gussone et al. (2003) and Griffith et al. (2008) exhibited a small t ...
... salinity changes in response to the Pliocene closure of the Central American Gateway (Gussone et al., 2004). Contrary to the latter findings, several studies have reported a small response of Ca isotopic composition to temperature. Gussone et al. (2003) and Griffith et al. (2008) exhibited a small t ...
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
... The definition of the lithosphere is based on how Earth materials behave, so it includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which are both brittle. Since it is rigid and brittle, when stresses act on the lithosphere, it breaks. This is what we experience as an earthquake. Although we sometimes refe ...
... The definition of the lithosphere is based on how Earth materials behave, so it includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which are both brittle. Since it is rigid and brittle, when stresses act on the lithosphere, it breaks. This is what we experience as an earthquake. Although we sometimes refe ...
Rifting, Seafloor Spreading, and Extensional Tectonics
... Rifts are regions in which extensional tectonics (i.e., stretching of continental lithosphere) takes place. Recall from Chapter 6 that, in the brittle field, extensional strain can be accommodated by slip on a “system” (group or array) of normal faults. On pre–1970s cross sections of rifts, geologis ...
... Rifts are regions in which extensional tectonics (i.e., stretching of continental lithosphere) takes place. Recall from Chapter 6 that, in the brittle field, extensional strain can be accommodated by slip on a “system” (group or array) of normal faults. On pre–1970s cross sections of rifts, geologis ...
Dike induced Faults
... situated; pe = Pt – p1, the excess magmatic pressure, is the difference between the total magma pressure, Pt, in the chamber at the time of its rupture and the lithostatic stress; ϭ3 is the minimum principal stress; and T0 is the in situ tensile strength, in the roof of the chamber. Dike injection a ...
... situated; pe = Pt – p1, the excess magmatic pressure, is the difference between the total magma pressure, Pt, in the chamber at the time of its rupture and the lithostatic stress; ϭ3 is the minimum principal stress; and T0 is the in situ tensile strength, in the roof of the chamber. Dike injection a ...
The lithosphere and asthenosphere of the
... The subsurface landscape of the earth’s plates, in contrast to the undersurface of icebergs, does not resemble the forms appearing above surface. At its surface, Iceland serves as an excellent place to observe how plates drift apart and how the resulting gaps are filled so as to form the country’s c ...
... The subsurface landscape of the earth’s plates, in contrast to the undersurface of icebergs, does not resemble the forms appearing above surface. At its surface, Iceland serves as an excellent place to observe how plates drift apart and how the resulting gaps are filled so as to form the country’s c ...
This Paper - North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission
... weights and environmental factors in the North Pacific Ocean have, to date, focused on large-scale correlations rather than on mechanisms. For example, several studies have reported a negative correlation between ocean temperature and the adult body weights of salmon that feed in the Gulf of Alaska ...
... weights and environmental factors in the North Pacific Ocean have, to date, focused on large-scale correlations rather than on mechanisms. For example, several studies have reported a negative correlation between ocean temperature and the adult body weights of salmon that feed in the Gulf of Alaska ...
The Eastern Offshore Extension into the Western Mediterranean of
... preferentially accumulated on the northwest side of the rocky ledges off Cabo Palos. Gaps between them have served as portals for sediment transport to the southeast. Along the southeast of the rocky ledges also are bottom current created scours. At the east end of the Sierra de Cartagena-La Unión ...
... preferentially accumulated on the northwest side of the rocky ledges off Cabo Palos. Gaps between them have served as portals for sediment transport to the southeast. Along the southeast of the rocky ledges also are bottom current created scours. At the east end of the Sierra de Cartagena-La Unión ...
The lithosphere and asthenosphere of the Iceland hotspot from
... The subsurface landscape of the earth’s plates, in contrast to the undersurface of icebergs, does not resemble the forms appearing above surface. At its surface, Iceland serves as an excellent place to observe how plates drift apart and how the resulting gaps are filled so as to form the country’s c ...
... The subsurface landscape of the earth’s plates, in contrast to the undersurface of icebergs, does not resemble the forms appearing above surface. At its surface, Iceland serves as an excellent place to observe how plates drift apart and how the resulting gaps are filled so as to form the country’s c ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.