Vertical distribution of Groundwater
... Water in the zone of saturation exerts pressure greater than the overlying atmospheric pressure. This pressure makes water flow into a well, when it is dug into the zone of saturation. The well penetrates the zone of aeration also, but its lower than atmospheric pressure implies that water from the ...
... Water in the zone of saturation exerts pressure greater than the overlying atmospheric pressure. This pressure makes water flow into a well, when it is dug into the zone of saturation. The well penetrates the zone of aeration also, but its lower than atmospheric pressure implies that water from the ...
Chapter 1 The Growth of Oceanography
... • The Oceans are 4X as deep as the Continents are high (average depth = 2.5 miles). • The Pacific (Ocean) is so huge that it covers almost ½ of the Earth’s surface; it is also the Earth’s largest collection of water. ...
... • The Oceans are 4X as deep as the Continents are high (average depth = 2.5 miles). • The Pacific (Ocean) is so huge that it covers almost ½ of the Earth’s surface; it is also the Earth’s largest collection of water. ...
Plate Tectonic Theory
... Plate separation is a slow process. For example, divergence along the Mid Atlantic ridge causes the Atlantic Ocean to widen at only about 2 centimeters per year. Even though most are under the sea, not all of them are, when two continental crusts begins to separate the stretched crust forms a long, ...
... Plate separation is a slow process. For example, divergence along the Mid Atlantic ridge causes the Atlantic Ocean to widen at only about 2 centimeters per year. Even though most are under the sea, not all of them are, when two continental crusts begins to separate the stretched crust forms a long, ...
Marine Sediment Proxy Records
... Radiocarbon dating is the most common technique used to date marine sediments, usually carried out on biogenic carbonate (for example planktonic foraminifera) or organic matter. Carbon contained in ocean surface waters is older than the carbon in the atmosphere, the so-called reservoir effect. There ...
... Radiocarbon dating is the most common technique used to date marine sediments, usually carried out on biogenic carbonate (for example planktonic foraminifera) or organic matter. Carbon contained in ocean surface waters is older than the carbon in the atmosphere, the so-called reservoir effect. There ...
Plate Tectonic Quiz Review
... • Heat transfers by movement of currents in liquids and gasses. This is caused by differences in temperature and density. An example of this type of heat transfer occurs when mantle rock moves from near the core, towards the crust, and back again. A. Radiation B. Conduction C. Convection D. Compact ...
... • Heat transfers by movement of currents in liquids and gasses. This is caused by differences in temperature and density. An example of this type of heat transfer occurs when mantle rock moves from near the core, towards the crust, and back again. A. Radiation B. Conduction C. Convection D. Compact ...
10.2 Dir. Reading Plate Tectonics
... 28. A narrow valley that forms where the plates separate at a divergent boundary is called a _______________________________________. 29. Where are most divergent boundaries located? _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ...
... 28. A narrow valley that forms where the plates separate at a divergent boundary is called a _______________________________________. 29. Where are most divergent boundaries located? _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ...
Powerpoint Review for Core Mantle Crust Test
... The crust that is found on the continents and at the beginning of the oceans (the continental shelf) is ________________. ...
... The crust that is found on the continents and at the beginning of the oceans (the continental shelf) is ________________. ...
Script - FOG - City College of San Francisco
... world’s volcanoes, major earthquakes, and major mountains, we have to look more closely at the layers of the Earth, first discussed in the lecture on Earth Formation. Let’s review the basics. First, due to density separation, the core, mantle, and crust – the primary compositional layers – were form ...
... world’s volcanoes, major earthquakes, and major mountains, we have to look more closely at the layers of the Earth, first discussed in the lecture on Earth Formation. Let’s review the basics. First, due to density separation, the core, mantle, and crust – the primary compositional layers – were form ...
RESULTS/DISCUSSION:
... Secchi Disc: The Secchi data showed light penetration to be between four and nine meters at most of the stations sampled. Light penetration was below four meters at sample stations one and three, both of which are near the sill. This data correlates with the Licor readings in which stations one and ...
... Secchi Disc: The Secchi data showed light penetration to be between four and nine meters at most of the stations sampled. Light penetration was below four meters at sample stations one and three, both of which are near the sill. This data correlates with the Licor readings in which stations one and ...
The Ocean Planet - South Carolina Sea Grant Consortium
... astronauts onboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, even after having studied the ocean for many years, brings any scientist to the realization that knowledge gained from a textbook, or from onboard scientific research vessels, has its limitations. Seeing our planet as the astronauts have seen it from s ...
... astronauts onboard the Space Shuttle Discovery, even after having studied the ocean for many years, brings any scientist to the realization that knowledge gained from a textbook, or from onboard scientific research vessels, has its limitations. Seeing our planet as the astronauts have seen it from s ...
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift
... The Permian North Pole • Permian rocks in N. America point to a pole position in eastern Asia • Rocks in Europe point to a different position ...
... The Permian North Pole • Permian rocks in N. America point to a pole position in eastern Asia • Rocks in Europe point to a different position ...
Document
... • Oceanic lithosphere subducts underneath the continental lithosphere • Oceanic lithosphere heats and dehydrates as it subsides • The melt rises forming volcanism • E.g. The Andes ...
... • Oceanic lithosphere subducts underneath the continental lithosphere • Oceanic lithosphere heats and dehydrates as it subsides • The melt rises forming volcanism • E.g. The Andes ...
Plate Tectonics - Illinois Wesleyan University
... • Rifting does not start with a single graben that eventually becomes the ocean. There are a series of parallel grabens, only one of which eventually becomes the sea. Rifting can also stall, resulting in failed rifts. Because there is uplift (and consequent high erosion rates) and a topographic basi ...
... • Rifting does not start with a single graben that eventually becomes the ocean. There are a series of parallel grabens, only one of which eventually becomes the sea. Rifting can also stall, resulting in failed rifts. Because there is uplift (and consequent high erosion rates) and a topographic basi ...
Proto-Oceanic Crust in the North and South Atlantic
... of rifted margins combined with a lack of understanding of the initial “fit” and opening geometries of these margins. As the search for hydrocarbons moves into deep and ultra-deep areas, there is an economic need to better-constrain the architecture of conjugate margins. Several projects (PROBE, SAM ...
... of rifted margins combined with a lack of understanding of the initial “fit” and opening geometries of these margins. As the search for hydrocarbons moves into deep and ultra-deep areas, there is an economic need to better-constrain the architecture of conjugate margins. Several projects (PROBE, SAM ...
- Maheshtala College
... The next time you heat anything like soup or water in a pan you can watch the convection currents move in the liquid. When the convection currents flow in the asthenosphere they also move the crust. The crust gets a free ride with these currents, like the cork in this illustration. ...
... The next time you heat anything like soup or water in a pan you can watch the convection currents move in the liquid. When the convection currents flow in the asthenosphere they also move the crust. The crust gets a free ride with these currents, like the cork in this illustration. ...
The Background of Plate Tectonics - Hadeln
... or a blend of equally and too a level of mainly molten rock referred to as asthenosphere (Rolf et al., 2012). Continental plates include granite and are also more compact hence they float on the top of the more dense oceanic dishes that are basaltic by nature. The discussion of the plates develops v ...
... or a blend of equally and too a level of mainly molten rock referred to as asthenosphere (Rolf et al., 2012). Continental plates include granite and are also more compact hence they float on the top of the more dense oceanic dishes that are basaltic by nature. The discussion of the plates develops v ...
Shoe Box Plate Tectonic Lab Teacher Pages
... 2. Base on the model, where are the oldest rocks for ocean ridges located? The oldest rocks are located furthest from the boundary. 3. How do the patterns on the sea-floor support plate tectonics? The newest oceanic crust form through volcanic activity near the ridge and then gradually moves away fr ...
... 2. Base on the model, where are the oldest rocks for ocean ridges located? The oldest rocks are located furthest from the boundary. 3. How do the patterns on the sea-floor support plate tectonics? The newest oceanic crust form through volcanic activity near the ridge and then gradually moves away fr ...
3rd Rock Notes 2013
... Two related ideas are widely accepted: Slab pull: Denser, colder plate sinks at subduction zone, pulls rest of plate behind it. Mantle convection: Hotter mantle material rises beneath divergent boundaries, forces the cooler material to sink at subduction zones. ...
... Two related ideas are widely accepted: Slab pull: Denser, colder plate sinks at subduction zone, pulls rest of plate behind it. Mantle convection: Hotter mantle material rises beneath divergent boundaries, forces the cooler material to sink at subduction zones. ...
Earth`s Oceans Power Point
... A continental rise is made of large amount of sediments, rocks, plants and animals. Sometimes the sediments are carried down the slope in masses of flowing water called turbidity currents, like an underwater avalanche. ...
... A continental rise is made of large amount of sediments, rocks, plants and animals. Sometimes the sediments are carried down the slope in masses of flowing water called turbidity currents, like an underwater avalanche. ...
General Circulation and Climate Zones
... sea where the sea ice is usually about 2 to 3 meters thick with a lesser amount of seasonality, and a water column which is very stratified. There is some evidence that global warming is reducing the area of year round sea ice in Arctic, but not (yet?) within the Southern Ocean. ...
... sea where the sea ice is usually about 2 to 3 meters thick with a lesser amount of seasonality, and a water column which is very stratified. There is some evidence that global warming is reducing the area of year round sea ice in Arctic, but not (yet?) within the Southern Ocean. ...
Document
... rocks. Interactions between hot rock and seawater give rise to venting of hydrothermal fluids (<200°C to > 400°C) that form sulfide and sulfate precipitates upon mixing with sulfate-rich seawater. Many such vent sites have been observed at mid-ocean ridges where precipitates may form great chimney-l ...
... rocks. Interactions between hot rock and seawater give rise to venting of hydrothermal fluids (<200°C to > 400°C) that form sulfide and sulfate precipitates upon mixing with sulfate-rich seawater. Many such vent sites have been observed at mid-ocean ridges where precipitates may form great chimney-l ...
Sea-Floor Spreading (pages 141–147)
... a. Melted rocks have hardened again and again at mid-ocean ridges. b. Rocks closest to mid-ocean ridges are the oldest. c. Rocks farthest from mid-ocean ridges are the ...
... a. Melted rocks have hardened again and again at mid-ocean ridges. b. Rocks closest to mid-ocean ridges are the oldest. c. Rocks farthest from mid-ocean ridges are the ...
pdf - University of Colorado Boulder
... This is an unexpected finding. In the past, subduction also occurred further north, the plate concerned being generated by oceanfloor spreading in the Komandorsky basin (Fig. 1a). If oceanic plates are rigid, the previously subducted plate north of the junction should still be attached to the Komand ...
... This is an unexpected finding. In the past, subduction also occurred further north, the plate concerned being generated by oceanfloor spreading in the Komandorsky basin (Fig. 1a). If oceanic plates are rigid, the previously subducted plate north of the junction should still be attached to the Komand ...
HISTORY OF MARINE BIOLOGY
... The Challenger Expedition- British • First expedition entirely devoted to marine science- 1872 to 1876 ...
... The Challenger Expedition- British • First expedition entirely devoted to marine science- 1872 to 1876 ...
Chapter 2, Section 5
... deep. Many are deeper than 10,000 m. This is twice the average depth of the deep ocean. The word “valley” is a bit misleading, because trenches are wide, and their side slopes are not very steep. You can easily spot the locations of trenches in most world atlases. They are shown with the darkest blu ...
... deep. Many are deeper than 10,000 m. This is twice the average depth of the deep ocean. The word “valley” is a bit misleading, because trenches are wide, and their side slopes are not very steep. You can easily spot the locations of trenches in most world atlases. They are shown with the darkest blu ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.