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This Dynamic Earth [USGS]
This Dynamic Earth [USGS]

... reasoned that the sediment has been accumulating for about 300 million years at most. This interval is approximately the time needed for the ocean floor to move from the ridge crest to the trenches, where oceanic crust descends into the trench and is destroyed. Meanwhile, magma is continually rising ...
Background Information
Background Information

... Convergent – Convergent plate boundaries form when two tectonic plates come together and collide with each other. These boundaries can have different results depending on whether they form in continental crust or oceanic crust. ...
Plate_tectonics_2 - Red Hook Central Schools
Plate_tectonics_2 - Red Hook Central Schools

... uplifting of the earth’s crust and a very large mountains like the Himalayas, or the Alps ...
On Which Crust Do Volcanoes Form? - EHS
On Which Crust Do Volcanoes Form? - EHS

...  Be able to predict how changing different variables will affect the nature of Earth’s crust  Investigate and analyze the behavior of Earth’s crust at different types of plate boundaries.  Be able to list and describe geologic features associated with each type of plate boundary.  Be able to pre ...
Continental crust - British Academy Wiki
Continental crust - British Academy Wiki

... portion of convection currents. • While mantle material away from the subduction zone drives the rising portion of convection currents. ...
First stop – the CRUST
First stop – the CRUST

... third of Earth’s mass, but only about 15 % of its volume. ...
Earthquakes are concentrated along oceanic ridges, transform faults
Earthquakes are concentrated along oceanic ridges, transform faults

... –  Declining - subduction eliminates much of sea floor and oceanic ridge. –  Terminal - last of the sea floor is eliminated and continents collide forming a continental mountain chain. ...
Ocean - cloudfront.net
Ocean - cloudfront.net

... • The theory of seafloor spreading states that new ocean crust is formed at ocean ridges (constructive margins) and destroyed at deep-sea trenches (destructive margins) through a process called subduction. • Magma, because it is hotter and less dense than surrounding oceanic rock, is forced toward t ...
tis the season for science - The School District of Palm Beach County
tis the season for science - The School District of Palm Beach County

... Divergent boundaries Divergent boundaries occur along spreading centers where plates are moving apart and new crust is created by magma pushing up from the mantle. You can picture two giant conveyor belts, facing each other but slowly moving in opposite directions as they transport newly formed ocea ...
tis the season for science - The School District of Palm Beach County
tis the season for science - The School District of Palm Beach County

... Divergent boundaries Divergent boundaries occur along spreading centers where plates are moving apart and new crust is created by magma pushing up from the mantle. You can picture two giant conveyor belts, facing each other but slowly moving in opposite directions as they transport newly formed ocea ...
Review Guide 2 Rocks minerals tectonics revised
Review Guide 2 Rocks minerals tectonics revised

... 36. If you had two minerals, one you knew was quartz, and the other you thought was a mineral which had the same hardness as corundum, what would most help you know if you had the mineral that has the same hardness as corundum? _________________________________________________ ______________________ ...
Density of Oceanic Crust
Density of Oceanic Crust

... Density, the ratio between a sample’s mass and volume at a specific temperature and pressure (like standard ambient temperature and pressure), is one such property. Regardless of the size of a sample, the density of a substance will always remain the same. The density of a rock sample can, therefore ...
Ocean Crust - The University of Southern Mississippi
Ocean Crust - The University of Southern Mississippi

... (2) Troodos complex in Cyprus ii. Formation of ophiolites - Pieces of sea floor crust are obducted (as opposed to subducted!) onto continental rock through various tectonic accidents related to compressional forces at subduction zones or in contracting backarc basins. The problem with ophiolites is ...
3. deep-sea ecosystems: pristine biodiversity reservoir and
3. deep-sea ecosystems: pristine biodiversity reservoir and

... THE DEEP SEA is the largest ecosystem on Earth, with approximately 50% of the surface of the Earth covered by ocean more than 3,000 metres deep. It supports one of the largest reservoirs of biodiversity on the planet, but remains one of the least studied ecosystems because of its remoteness and the ...
Homework 5: Buoyancy Introduction The buoyancy of plates is a
Homework 5: Buoyancy Introduction The buoyancy of plates is a

... Typed responses are preferred. 1. Oceanic plates start out very thin, with almost no mantle attached to them. The plates then increase in thickness as times goes by adding more and more mantle material to the base of the plate. This addition of material suggests that plate buoyancy will decrease thr ...
Ocean Currents
Ocean Currents

... driven by differences in the density of the sea water which is controlled by temperature (thermal) and salinity (haline). In the North Atlantic it transports warm and salty water to the North. There the water is cooled and sinks into the deep ocean. This newly formed deep water is subsequently expor ...
Crust, Mantle, Core Review!
Crust, Mantle, Core Review!

... The crust that is found on the continents and at the beginning of the oceans (the continental shelf) is ________________. ...
Tectonics III - MSU Billings
Tectonics III - MSU Billings

... and resulting in regional uplift at the Earth’s surface d. Long columns of hot, less dense rock, rising from deep in the mantle and responsible for about 10% of the Earth’s total heat loss e. B, C and D are all correct ...
Mountain Building
Mountain Building

... Mountain Building I. Mountain belts A. Orogenesis refers to processes that collectively produce a mountain belt B. Most mountain building occurs at convergent plate boundaries 1.Two types occur at subduction zones, related to the character of the overriding plate a. Aleutian Type—island arcs b. Ande ...
Convergent Boundaries wks
Convergent Boundaries wks

... Convergent Boundaries ...
Plate Tectonics PPT
Plate Tectonics PPT

... • Hot magma in the Earth moves toward the surface, cools, get denser, and then sinks again with the pull of gravity • Creates convection currents in asthenosphere beneath the plates that cause the plates to move. ...
Plate Tectonics - Cornell Geological Sciences
Plate Tectonics - Cornell Geological Sciences

... Convergent plate boundaries occur where plates are moving toward one and other.  Usually, one plate slides under the other in a process called subduction. Subduction Zones characterized by:  Deep oceanic trench (but sometimes filled with sediment)  Chain of volcanoes: Subduction-related volcanoes ...
Powerpoint
Powerpoint

... San Andreas into Gulf of California? Related to heating and thermal weakening of the crust? Timing, T structure of crust. 3. How does/did the system propagate? From south to north, but mechanics are unknown. 4. How does locus of faulting change through time? Not clear if it follows the western bound ...
Ductile deformation of passive margins: A new mechanism for
Ductile deformation of passive margins: A new mechanism for

... study presents new insights into the conditions and processes by which lateral density differences between oceanic and continental lithospheres in passive margins may lead to initiation of a low-angle subduction system. The presented study consists of (1) analytical calculations of flow fields gener ...
Earth Science – Quiz 2
Earth Science – Quiz 2

... B) two converging oceanic plates meeting head-on and piling up into a mid-ocean ridge C) a divergent boundary where the continental plate changes to an oceanic plate D) a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions 56. Which one of the following is an im ...
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Abyssal plain



An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.
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