1 Scientific Ocean Drilling of Mid-Ocean Ridge and Ridge
... hydrothermal, and structural processes mainly transpire within the first few million years of seafloor spreading, on the crest and young flanks of the mid-ocean ridge. In this active zone little sediment has yet accumulated, and only a thin crustal layer separates the oceans from the mantle. This yo ...
... hydrothermal, and structural processes mainly transpire within the first few million years of seafloor spreading, on the crest and young flanks of the mid-ocean ridge. In this active zone little sediment has yet accumulated, and only a thin crustal layer separates the oceans from the mantle. This yo ...
Plate Tectonics - TheVirtualNeal
... 1. Professor Bankston, an inventor/architect, has made some creations. Some sound more useful than others. Each of the clues below indicates a two-word rhyming answer that describes one of professor Bankston’s creations. Write the words in the blank. a. the amount of force put on a given material, a ...
... 1. Professor Bankston, an inventor/architect, has made some creations. Some sound more useful than others. Each of the clues below indicates a two-word rhyming answer that describes one of professor Bankston’s creations. Write the words in the blank. a. the amount of force put on a given material, a ...
Underwater Treasures of the High Seas
... its mean position is consistently near 9 degrees north and 90 degrees west, it is actually a thermocline—the shifting boundary between the warm surface and the deep, cold water—that creates the dome.13 And while other thermoclines exist in tropical regions, this is the only one formed in part by a c ...
... its mean position is consistently near 9 degrees north and 90 degrees west, it is actually a thermocline—the shifting boundary between the warm surface and the deep, cold water—that creates the dome.13 And while other thermoclines exist in tropical regions, this is the only one formed in part by a c ...
lithosphere oceanic crust, and the origin of the first continental The
... hydrated oceanic lithosphere. The most efficient process known for oceanic lithosphere hydration takes place at the submerged mid-ocean ridges where the lithosphere is young and warm, and cools through hydrothermal convection. Such mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal interactions were operative at least as ...
... hydrated oceanic lithosphere. The most efficient process known for oceanic lithosphere hydration takes place at the submerged mid-ocean ridges where the lithosphere is young and warm, and cools through hydrothermal convection. Such mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal interactions were operative at least as ...
Origin of Life
... The Ocean Floor: Site of Hydrothermal Vents Deep-sea hydrothermal vents form along mid-ocean ridges, the volcanic undersea mountain ranges where new seafloor is created. ...
... The Ocean Floor: Site of Hydrothermal Vents Deep-sea hydrothermal vents form along mid-ocean ridges, the volcanic undersea mountain ranges where new seafloor is created. ...
Earthquake in a Box
... laterally and then falls when cool. Hot mantle replaces it. This cycle moves the crust. Convergent plate movement: Area where plates are moving toward each other. Divergent plate movement: Area where plates are moving away from each other. Earthquake: A shaking of the ground caused by the sudd ...
... laterally and then falls when cool. Hot mantle replaces it. This cycle moves the crust. Convergent plate movement: Area where plates are moving toward each other. Divergent plate movement: Area where plates are moving away from each other. Earthquake: A shaking of the ground caused by the sudd ...
Chapter 2
... - Some forty or so areas of spatially fixed, long-term volcanic activity have been identified on the earth, and are called hot spots. - Hot spot magmas change composition indicating that they may originate at different source depths in the mantle,. The life span of a typical hot spot is about 100 mi ...
... - Some forty or so areas of spatially fixed, long-term volcanic activity have been identified on the earth, and are called hot spots. - Hot spot magmas change composition indicating that they may originate at different source depths in the mantle,. The life span of a typical hot spot is about 100 mi ...
Thermal isostasy —a new look at its potential to advance diluvial
... basalts’—have been emplaced in very short geologic times. One of the most famous LIPs—India’s Deccan Traps— consists of over half a million cubic kilometres of basalt emplaced in less than 30,000 years (from within the uniformitarian paradigm). Much ...
... basalts’—have been emplaced in very short geologic times. One of the most famous LIPs—India’s Deccan Traps— consists of over half a million cubic kilometres of basalt emplaced in less than 30,000 years (from within the uniformitarian paradigm). Much ...
Chapter 2
... mantle rise and fall according to differences in temperature and buoyancy(浮力). The densest lithosphere is most likely to sink back into the asthenosphere and the deeper mantle. Ocean floor and the continents are slowly moving (up to 12 cm/yr). ...
... mantle rise and fall according to differences in temperature and buoyancy(浮力). The densest lithosphere is most likely to sink back into the asthenosphere and the deeper mantle. Ocean floor and the continents are slowly moving (up to 12 cm/yr). ...
Deep Sea Trenches
... • Like other oceanic trenches, the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal, in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth’s mantle. However, ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by in ...
... • Like other oceanic trenches, the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal, in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth’s mantle. However, ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by in ...
Program prospectus .
... Interactions between the mantle and the major surface reservoirs of water and carbon influence sea level, icesheet dynamics, the volume of the ocean, magma production, the volcanic flux of CO2 to the atmosphere, the loss of carbon via subduction into the mantle. The carbon content and distribution o ...
... Interactions between the mantle and the major surface reservoirs of water and carbon influence sea level, icesheet dynamics, the volume of the ocean, magma production, the volcanic flux of CO2 to the atmosphere, the loss of carbon via subduction into the mantle. The carbon content and distribution o ...
GEO142_lab_2 - earthjay science
... Lab 2: Plate Rates Part 1: Tectonic Plate Spreading Rates You now can synthesize your knowledge of charts, map scales, and plate tectonics to determine rate of plate movements. You will need a ruler and a calculator to make the 7 separate calculations (one for each of the Hawai'ian or Emperor Seamou ...
... Lab 2: Plate Rates Part 1: Tectonic Plate Spreading Rates You now can synthesize your knowledge of charts, map scales, and plate tectonics to determine rate of plate movements. You will need a ruler and a calculator to make the 7 separate calculations (one for each of the Hawai'ian or Emperor Seamou ...
Slide 1
... because they both have the same density. The plates are being forced together at great pressure so the rocks crumble together and form massive mountain chains like the Himalayas. The Himalayas are still growing today as the plates continue to be pushed together at about 1 or 2cm a year! The Himalaya ...
... because they both have the same density. The plates are being forced together at great pressure so the rocks crumble together and form massive mountain chains like the Himalayas. The Himalayas are still growing today as the plates continue to be pushed together at about 1 or 2cm a year! The Himalaya ...
Lecture 9b: Upper Mantle Structure and Composition
... lithosphere moves as a coherent entity: plate • contains crust and uppermost mantle • base is the 1280°C isotherm (thermal boundary) at this temperature, peridotite weakens due to easy deformation of olivine • base is not fixed depth; depth of 1280°C isotherm varies below ridges, temperatures high ...
... lithosphere moves as a coherent entity: plate • contains crust and uppermost mantle • base is the 1280°C isotherm (thermal boundary) at this temperature, peridotite weakens due to easy deformation of olivine • base is not fixed depth; depth of 1280°C isotherm varies below ridges, temperatures high ...
The Origin of Alkaline Lavas
... conjectured to be the main source of these magmas (1, 2), but this has not been successfully simulated experimentally. On page 916 of this issue, Pilet et al. (3) report experiments that explain the properties of alkaline magmas in a simple and elegant way. Oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, w ...
... conjectured to be the main source of these magmas (1, 2), but this has not been successfully simulated experimentally. On page 916 of this issue, Pilet et al. (3) report experiments that explain the properties of alkaline magmas in a simple and elegant way. Oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges, w ...
Plate Tectonics
... gather evidence that the continents had moved - a process called continental drift. His evidence suggested that the continents on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean had once been joined into a single large continent he called Pangaea, that gradually split apart over geologic time. In spite of the evid ...
... gather evidence that the continents had moved - a process called continental drift. His evidence suggested that the continents on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean had once been joined into a single large continent he called Pangaea, that gradually split apart over geologic time. In spite of the evid ...
Geobit 10.indd
... dense basaltic magma (molten rock) that rises from the Earth’s mantle. This dense material forms oceanic crust, which is generally covered by ocean waters. Embedded in these oceanic plates are masses of low-density material that rose to the surface billions of years ago when the Earth began to cool. ...
... dense basaltic magma (molten rock) that rises from the Earth’s mantle. This dense material forms oceanic crust, which is generally covered by ocean waters. Embedded in these oceanic plates are masses of low-density material that rose to the surface billions of years ago when the Earth began to cool. ...
Strand: Interrelationships in Earth/Space Systems
... is likely to be (less / more) dense than warmer water. Water with (higher/lower) salinity is likely to be denser. 18. The Gulf Stream is one of the Earth's strongest currents. It moves north from the tropics through the Gulf of Mexico, past the east coast of the United States and up to northern Euro ...
... is likely to be (less / more) dense than warmer water. Water with (higher/lower) salinity is likely to be denser. 18. The Gulf Stream is one of the Earth's strongest currents. It moves north from the tropics through the Gulf of Mexico, past the east coast of the United States and up to northern Euro ...
3:n:1:di - EVA - Universidad de la República
... yearly production of magmatic (volcanic and plutonic) rocks formed at destructive plate margins is slightly less than l0 km3 (Schmincke, 2004). The melting that produces magmatism is caused by complex interrelations between the asthenosphere and the subducting plates plunging into it. These melts, w ...
... yearly production of magmatic (volcanic and plutonic) rocks formed at destructive plate margins is slightly less than l0 km3 (Schmincke, 2004). The melting that produces magmatism is caused by complex interrelations between the asthenosphere and the subducting plates plunging into it. These melts, w ...
"seeing" the bottom of the ocean
... Educational Outcomes: Ocean water that covers almost 71 % of Earth's surface occupies large basins. In most places, the ocean water is so deep (and also turbid due to dissolved substances and suspended particles) that we cannot see the ocean bottom. In even the clearest water, sunlight cannot penetr ...
... Educational Outcomes: Ocean water that covers almost 71 % of Earth's surface occupies large basins. In most places, the ocean water is so deep (and also turbid due to dissolved substances and suspended particles) that we cannot see the ocean bottom. In even the clearest water, sunlight cannot penetr ...
Earth Science: Ch 14 Review:
... center of most ocean basins. The midocean ridge system is an interconnected system of underwater mountains that have developed on newly formed ocean crust. This system is the longest topographic feature on Earth running 70,000 kilometers around the world’s oceans. A high amount of volcanic activity ...
... center of most ocean basins. The midocean ridge system is an interconnected system of underwater mountains that have developed on newly formed ocean crust. This system is the longest topographic feature on Earth running 70,000 kilometers around the world’s oceans. A high amount of volcanic activity ...
earth`s crust and isostasy
... - ______________________________ in mass on the crust causes it to _________________ until a new point of equilibrium is reached. ...
... - ______________________________ in mass on the crust causes it to _________________ until a new point of equilibrium is reached. ...
The Ocean Floor Bethany Ostlund 4th Grade The Ocean Floor
... The red colors are the youngest parts of the seafloor, where fresh new crust is formed as lava seeps up from the deep interior of the Earth at spreading ridges. The green colors are the spreading ridges, older crust, that moves away from the ridge as new crust is formed. The blue colors are the olde ...
... The red colors are the youngest parts of the seafloor, where fresh new crust is formed as lava seeps up from the deep interior of the Earth at spreading ridges. The green colors are the spreading ridges, older crust, that moves away from the ridge as new crust is formed. The blue colors are the olde ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.