CH11_Outline
... Atlantic Ocean surface flow High rates of evaporation Mediterranean Intermediate Water very salty Returns to Atlantic Ocean as subsurface flow Circulation opposite to estuarine circulation ...
... Atlantic Ocean surface flow High rates of evaporation Mediterranean Intermediate Water very salty Returns to Atlantic Ocean as subsurface flow Circulation opposite to estuarine circulation ...
Oceanic and Coastal Remote Sensing
... Associate Professor, National Central University, [email protected]. ...
... Associate Professor, National Central University, [email protected]. ...
9.3 Actions at Plate Boundaries
... sedimentary rocks, fragments of the volcanic arc, and possibly slivers of oceanic crust. This kind of collision occurred when the subcontinent of India rammed into Asia and produced the Himalayas, as shown in Figure 14. During this collision, the continental crust buckled and fractured. Several othe ...
... sedimentary rocks, fragments of the volcanic arc, and possibly slivers of oceanic crust. This kind of collision occurred when the subcontinent of India rammed into Asia and produced the Himalayas, as shown in Figure 14. During this collision, the continental crust buckled and fractured. Several othe ...
continental margin
... representing a fragment of oceanic lithosphere; composed of peridotite overlain successively by gabbro, sheeted basalt dikes, and pillow lava. ...
... representing a fragment of oceanic lithosphere; composed of peridotite overlain successively by gabbro, sheeted basalt dikes, and pillow lava. ...
Testing Plate tectonics
... • The Deep Sea Drilling Project from 1968 to 1983 used the drilling ship Glomar Challenger to drill hundreds of meters into the sediments and underlying crust. • When the oldest sediment from each drill site was plotted against its distance from the ridge crest, its was revealed that the age of the ...
... • The Deep Sea Drilling Project from 1968 to 1983 used the drilling ship Glomar Challenger to drill hundreds of meters into the sediments and underlying crust. • When the oldest sediment from each drill site was plotted against its distance from the ridge crest, its was revealed that the age of the ...
Plate Tectonics - Londonderry School District
... Evidence for Plate Tectonics First evidence used for Continental Drift Theory • Continents fit together • Fossil distribution • Common rock formations: same age ...
... Evidence for Plate Tectonics First evidence used for Continental Drift Theory • Continents fit together • Fossil distribution • Common rock formations: same age ...
The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics
... • Oceanic lithosphere subducts underneath the continental lithosphere • Oceanic lithosphere heats and dehydrates as it subsides • The melt rises forming volcanism • E.g. The Andes ...
... • Oceanic lithosphere subducts underneath the continental lithosphere • Oceanic lithosphere heats and dehydrates as it subsides • The melt rises forming volcanism • E.g. The Andes ...
The Troodos Ophiolite was probably formed at a RTT/RTF triple
... and REE and HFSE ratios that are similar to mid-ocean ridge basalts. Other Akaki lavas have trace element compositions extending towards those of Troodos boninites, with highly depleted REE ratios, strong enrichments in fluid-soluble elements, but also relatively high Nb and Ta. Troodos lavas formed ...
... and REE and HFSE ratios that are similar to mid-ocean ridge basalts. Other Akaki lavas have trace element compositions extending towards those of Troodos boninites, with highly depleted REE ratios, strong enrichments in fluid-soluble elements, but also relatively high Nb and Ta. Troodos lavas formed ...
Revised plate tectonic history of the west Australian
... turbidites and Cretaceous limestone, with ophiolites near its surrounding faults and could be a Gondwana fragment. There is still much debate about Burma’s accreted terranes, for example, Fan and Ko (1994), only mention West Kachin as a Gondwana fragment. Heine and Müller (2005), and Metcalfe (2006) ...
... turbidites and Cretaceous limestone, with ophiolites near its surrounding faults and could be a Gondwana fragment. There is still much debate about Burma’s accreted terranes, for example, Fan and Ko (1994), only mention West Kachin as a Gondwana fragment. Heine and Müller (2005), and Metcalfe (2006) ...
Composition and Evolution of the Lithosphere
... A Geologist’s View of the Earth The outermost sublayer is the most active geologically. Large scale geological processes occur, including earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and the creation of ocean basins. ...
... A Geologist’s View of the Earth The outermost sublayer is the most active geologically. Large scale geological processes occur, including earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building and the creation of ocean basins. ...
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift
... • Vine & Matthews (1963) tested Hess’s hypothesis using magnetism – Magnetic polarity reversals recorded in ocean floor basalt • Magma cools forming new crust • Polarity at time of cooling preserved • Old crust pushed aside ...
... • Vine & Matthews (1963) tested Hess’s hypothesis using magnetism – Magnetic polarity reversals recorded in ocean floor basalt • Magma cools forming new crust • Polarity at time of cooling preserved • Old crust pushed aside ...
Oil+Gas_104nd Edition_January 2016
... to a certain degree) is strikingly different from that of magma-poor or volcanic rifted margin. The seismic interpretation has identified rifted margins as large scale tilted fault blocks are not always clearly four major crustal types or domains that make up the margin: imaged. Instead, wide expans ...
... to a certain degree) is strikingly different from that of magma-poor or volcanic rifted margin. The seismic interpretation has identified rifted margins as large scale tilted fault blocks are not always clearly four major crustal types or domains that make up the margin: imaged. Instead, wide expans ...
Chapter 4 Marine Sedimentation
... – form in surface waters supersaturated with calcium carbonate – common forms include short aragonite crystals and oolites • phosphorites – phosphate crusts (containing greater than 30% P2O5) occurring as nodules – formed as large quantities of organic phosphorous settle to the ocean floor – unoxidi ...
... – form in surface waters supersaturated with calcium carbonate – common forms include short aragonite crystals and oolites • phosphorites – phosphate crusts (containing greater than 30% P2O5) occurring as nodules – formed as large quantities of organic phosphorous settle to the ocean floor – unoxidi ...
Paleooceanography and Sea
... communities similar to those at hydrothermal vents were found at the continental margin at 1000 m deep. – Seeps and vents of cold water along with H2S and CH4 ...
... communities similar to those at hydrothermal vents were found at the continental margin at 1000 m deep. – Seeps and vents of cold water along with H2S and CH4 ...
oceanic - Southern Local Schools
... • When Earth cooled about 4 billion years ago, the rains that resulted lasted for thousands of years. But some scientists do not believe all the water on Earth came from condensation as Earth cooled. Instead, they argue that some of the water came from “cosmic rain” – comets that struck Earth in its ...
... • When Earth cooled about 4 billion years ago, the rains that resulted lasted for thousands of years. But some scientists do not believe all the water on Earth came from condensation as Earth cooled. Instead, they argue that some of the water came from “cosmic rain” – comets that struck Earth in its ...
Earth`s Oceans
... • When Earth cooled about 4 billion years ago, the rains that resulted lasted for thousands of years. But some scientists do not believe all the water on Earth came from condensation as Earth cooled. Instead, they argue that some of the water came from “cosmic rain” – comets that struck Earth in its ...
... • When Earth cooled about 4 billion years ago, the rains that resulted lasted for thousands of years. But some scientists do not believe all the water on Earth came from condensation as Earth cooled. Instead, they argue that some of the water came from “cosmic rain” – comets that struck Earth in its ...
Plates on the Move
... The position of the continents today. The continents are still slowly moving, at about the speed your fingernails grow. Satellite measurements have confirmed that every year the Atlantic Ocean gets a few inches wider! ...
... The position of the continents today. The continents are still slowly moving, at about the speed your fingernails grow. Satellite measurements have confirmed that every year the Atlantic Ocean gets a few inches wider! ...
Science
... 2. The part of the mantle called the ____________________ is made of soft rock that bends like plastic. 3. In the asthenosphere, heat is transferred as soft rock flows slowly in cycles known as _________________________. 4. Scientists known as ____________________ study the forces that shape Earth’s ...
... 2. The part of the mantle called the ____________________ is made of soft rock that bends like plastic. 3. In the asthenosphere, heat is transferred as soft rock flows slowly in cycles known as _________________________. 4. Scientists known as ____________________ study the forces that shape Earth’s ...
Student Study Guide
... - Some forty or so areas of spatially fixed, long-term volcanic activity have been identified on Earth, and are called hot spots (fig. 3.34). - Hot spot magmas change composition indicating that they may originate at different source depths in the mantle. The life span of a typical hot spot is about ...
... - Some forty or so areas of spatially fixed, long-term volcanic activity have been identified on Earth, and are called hot spots (fig. 3.34). - Hot spot magmas change composition indicating that they may originate at different source depths in the mantle. The life span of a typical hot spot is about ...
chapter 3
... - Some forty or so areas of spatially fixed, long-term volcanic activity have been identified on Earth, and are called hot spots (fig. 3.34). - Hot spot magmas change composition indicating that they may originate at different source depths in the mantle. The life span of a typical hot spot is about ...
... - Some forty or so areas of spatially fixed, long-term volcanic activity have been identified on Earth, and are called hot spots (fig. 3.34). - Hot spot magmas change composition indicating that they may originate at different source depths in the mantle. The life span of a typical hot spot is about ...
Seafloor Spreading: 100
... your points: Name two other types of evidence ► What are glacial and mountain ranges? ...
... your points: Name two other types of evidence ► What are glacial and mountain ranges? ...
When the seafloor diverges, what is formed?
... your points: Name two other types of evidence ► What are glacial and mountain ranges? ...
... your points: Name two other types of evidence ► What are glacial and mountain ranges? ...
MarineSediments
... Sedimentation in the Ocean Deep-sea Sedimentation has two main sources of sediment: external- terrigenous material from the land and internal-biogenic and authigenic from the sea. ...
... Sedimentation in the Ocean Deep-sea Sedimentation has two main sources of sediment: external- terrigenous material from the land and internal-biogenic and authigenic from the sea. ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.