The westward drift of the lithosphere
... friction is slightly larger (1.6 × 1019 J/yr) than the energy released by tectonic activity (1.3 × 1019 J/yr; e.g., Denis et al., 2002). However, Jordan (1974), and later Ranalli (2000), discarded Earth’s rotation as the cause of the westward drift, claiming that the viscosity necessary to allow dec ...
... friction is slightly larger (1.6 × 1019 J/yr) than the energy released by tectonic activity (1.3 × 1019 J/yr; e.g., Denis et al., 2002). However, Jordan (1974), and later Ranalli (2000), discarded Earth’s rotation as the cause of the westward drift, claiming that the viscosity necessary to allow dec ...
Earth Science Ch 11 Review : Mountains
... crust into peaks and other formations. The process begins when plate motions produce forces in rock that cause it to bend or break. ...
... crust into peaks and other formations. The process begins when plate motions produce forces in rock that cause it to bend or break. ...
Review Sheet - School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
... • Explain the use and limitations of the modified Mercalli Intensity scale. • Be able to generally explain earthquake prediction in terms of both short-range and long-range forecasting. • Understand the occurrence of earthquakes in relation to tectonic plate boundaries. • Know the characteristics of ...
... • Explain the use and limitations of the modified Mercalli Intensity scale. • Be able to generally explain earthquake prediction in terms of both short-range and long-range forecasting. • Understand the occurrence of earthquakes in relation to tectonic plate boundaries. • Know the characteristics of ...
Ultraslow, slow, or fast spreading ridges
... Oceanic spreading rates are highly variable, and these variations are known to correlate to a variety of surface observables, like magmatic production, heat flow or bathymetry. This correlation lead to classify ridges into fast and slow spreading ridges, but also into the more peculiar ultraslow spre ...
... Oceanic spreading rates are highly variable, and these variations are known to correlate to a variety of surface observables, like magmatic production, heat flow or bathymetry. This correlation lead to classify ridges into fast and slow spreading ridges, but also into the more peculiar ultraslow spre ...
The Westward Drift of the Lithosphere: A rotational drag?
... and is notoriously considered one order of magnitude larger than ridge push. Estimates for the magnitude of the slab pull are based on a number of assumptions such as a homogeneous upper mantle geochemistry, and a thermally- and phase changes-driven negative buoyancy. However, the mineralogical cons ...
... and is notoriously considered one order of magnitude larger than ridge push. Estimates for the magnitude of the slab pull are based on a number of assumptions such as a homogeneous upper mantle geochemistry, and a thermally- and phase changes-driven negative buoyancy. However, the mineralogical cons ...
Tectonically asymmetric Earth - Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra
... be, at most, 50% of that obtained by Gripp and Gordon (2002) with model HS3-NUVEL1A, that proposes the highest net rotation value among the well-accepted absolute plate kinematic models relative to the hotspots. The argument of Conrad and Behn (2010) is that the reference frame of Gripp and Gordon ( ...
... be, at most, 50% of that obtained by Gripp and Gordon (2002) with model HS3-NUVEL1A, that proposes the highest net rotation value among the well-accepted absolute plate kinematic models relative to the hotspots. The argument of Conrad and Behn (2010) is that the reference frame of Gripp and Gordon ( ...
shallow Water `06 - Ocean Mixing Group
... a continuous sequence between profiles. It also helps to identify the detailed physical structure of the waves. High-resolution pressure sensors were deployed on three bottom landers along the array. Results show that the seafloor pressure signal of the NLIWs observed by other means during SW06 is m ...
... a continuous sequence between profiles. It also helps to identify the detailed physical structure of the waves. High-resolution pressure sensors were deployed on three bottom landers along the array. Results show that the seafloor pressure signal of the NLIWs observed by other means during SW06 is m ...
34. The Geological and Geophysical Setting near Site 462
... summarized in Table 1. The sonobuoy profiles were devoid of refracted arrivals. Solutions were obtained for four intervals. The chert horizon produced a strong wide-angle reflection on every sonobuoy. Thus, the interval velocity and thickness from the sea floor to the chert reflector (interval 1 in ...
... summarized in Table 1. The sonobuoy profiles were devoid of refracted arrivals. Solutions were obtained for four intervals. The chert horizon produced a strong wide-angle reflection on every sonobuoy. Thus, the interval velocity and thickness from the sea floor to the chert reflector (interval 1 in ...
Proterozoic History
... Cambrian Period (ca. 544 ma ago). The gradual changes occurring in the transition period between the Archean, and the Proterozoic Eras are more drastic and more significant than those at any other point in Earth’s history, hence a considerable amount of the text below is dedicated to this boundary. ...
... Cambrian Period (ca. 544 ma ago). The gradual changes occurring in the transition period between the Archean, and the Proterozoic Eras are more drastic and more significant than those at any other point in Earth’s history, hence a considerable amount of the text below is dedicated to this boundary. ...
B. A. Part-I Geography Title english.pmd
... features at the third order are the results of exogenetic forces like, vally, canyons, waterfalls, beaches, sand dunes, cirques etc. are creation of river, wind and glaciears, these feathers are studied in Geomorphology. Such study is not possible in laboratory. The whole earth is laboratory for thi ...
... features at the third order are the results of exogenetic forces like, vally, canyons, waterfalls, beaches, sand dunes, cirques etc. are creation of river, wind and glaciears, these feathers are studied in Geomorphology. Such study is not possible in laboratory. The whole earth is laboratory for thi ...
Three-dimensional seismic anisotropy in the crust and uppermost
... In total, we used data from 115 seismic stations in the Taiwan area, which are shown in Figure 2. Anisotropic tomography inversion requires denser coverage and higher data quality than regular isotropic inversion. Therefore, we only used relatively strong events with more than 30 recorded P and S ph ...
... In total, we used data from 115 seismic stations in the Taiwan area, which are shown in Figure 2. Anisotropic tomography inversion requires denser coverage and higher data quality than regular isotropic inversion. Therefore, we only used relatively strong events with more than 30 recorded P and S ph ...
Introduction to Geomorphology
... understanding the function landforms and their response to changes in energy (Geo, G. the Earth; Morph, G. Form, ology G. the science of) o Landscape: Mountainous Terrain--the combined effect of numerous landforms o Landform: An individual feature--a slope, valley or mountain Geomorphology draws upo ...
... understanding the function landforms and their response to changes in energy (Geo, G. the Earth; Morph, G. Form, ology G. the science of) o Landscape: Mountainous Terrain--the combined effect of numerous landforms o Landform: An individual feature--a slope, valley or mountain Geomorphology draws upo ...
Why Surface Monitoring of Microseismic Events
... where z0 and z1 are impedances (velocity times density) of the deep and shallow layers, respectively. The observed increase of signal strength at the near-surface layers contradicts previously assumed signal loss due to near-surface attenuation (e.g. Warpinski 2010, or Shemeta and Anderson, 2010). H ...
... where z0 and z1 are impedances (velocity times density) of the deep and shallow layers, respectively. The observed increase of signal strength at the near-surface layers contradicts previously assumed signal loss due to near-surface attenuation (e.g. Warpinski 2010, or Shemeta and Anderson, 2010). H ...
Dating the Growth of Oceanic Crust at a Slow
... and embayed cores (An42-50) surrounded by compositionally uniform mantles (An35-37). The transition from core to mantle is marked by a sharp boundary È30 mm in width. These complex zoning patterns are not observed in plagioclase crystals from samples 467-8 and 460-15. One possible explanation for th ...
... and embayed cores (An42-50) surrounded by compositionally uniform mantles (An35-37). The transition from core to mantle is marked by a sharp boundary È30 mm in width. These complex zoning patterns are not observed in plagioclase crystals from samples 467-8 and 460-15. One possible explanation for th ...
Imaging crust and upper mantle beneath Mount Fuji, Japan, by
... Fuji has been much larger than that of other island-arc volcanoes in Japan. Tsukui et al. [1986] estimated that the average eruption rate of Mount Fuji is about 5 km3/ka, while typical subduction-related volcanoes in Japan are about 0.01–0.1 km3/ka. Second, Mount Fuji has ejected basaltic products d ...
... Fuji has been much larger than that of other island-arc volcanoes in Japan. Tsukui et al. [1986] estimated that the average eruption rate of Mount Fuji is about 5 km3/ka, while typical subduction-related volcanoes in Japan are about 0.01–0.1 km3/ka. Second, Mount Fuji has ejected basaltic products d ...
Seismic low-velocity layer at the top of subducting slabs
... has not eclogitized to >150 km depth. The surrounding medium has seismic velocities 3–6% faster than standard earth models, as inferred from direct travel times, presumably because the waveguide lies atop cold descending lithosphere. However, guided waves travel more slowly. Several tests with full ...
... has not eclogitized to >150 km depth. The surrounding medium has seismic velocities 3–6% faster than standard earth models, as inferred from direct travel times, presumably because the waveguide lies atop cold descending lithosphere. However, guided waves travel more slowly. Several tests with full ...
seismometers and their role in preventing secondary earthquake
... 2.1. Development of Laws Concerning the Prevention of Secondary Earthquake Disasters in Japan Japan is referred to as an earthquake archipelago, and suffers greatly from earthquakes. Especially in densely-populated, larger modern cities, secondary disasters from earthquakes are among the major disas ...
... 2.1. Development of Laws Concerning the Prevention of Secondary Earthquake Disasters in Japan Japan is referred to as an earthquake archipelago, and suffers greatly from earthquakes. Especially in densely-populated, larger modern cities, secondary disasters from earthquakes are among the major disas ...
- White Rose Research Online
... in that area in more than 150 years. Shaking was widely felt throughout New Zealand with widespread damage occurring across the northern South Island. Global moment tensor solutions showed a combination reverse and strike slip faulting with a strong non-double couple component. Aftershocks follow a ...
... in that area in more than 150 years. Shaking was widely felt throughout New Zealand with widespread damage occurring across the northern South Island. Global moment tensor solutions showed a combination reverse and strike slip faulting with a strong non-double couple component. Aftershocks follow a ...
Deformation of Rock
... again strong. But, just as in the crust, increasing temperature eventually predominates and at a depth of about 40 km the brittle-ductile transition zone in the mantle occurs. Below this point rocks behave in an increasingly ductile manner. ...
... again strong. But, just as in the crust, increasing temperature eventually predominates and at a depth of about 40 km the brittle-ductile transition zone in the mantle occurs. Below this point rocks behave in an increasingly ductile manner. ...
Top driven asymmetric mantle convection
... decoupling of the advecting and shearing upper boundary layer. Return mantle flow can result from passive volume balance rather than thermal buoyancy driven upwelling. Introduction Mantle kinematics is still poorly constrained due to the limited information available on its composition, thermal stat ...
... decoupling of the advecting and shearing upper boundary layer. Return mantle flow can result from passive volume balance rather than thermal buoyancy driven upwelling. Introduction Mantle kinematics is still poorly constrained due to the limited information available on its composition, thermal stat ...
Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming
... which it is necessary to assess the influence of phase transitions on rock properties or the evolution and migration of fluids. The basis of the algorithm is the representation of the continuous compositional variations of solution phases by series of discrete compositions. As a consequence of this ...
... which it is necessary to assess the influence of phase transitions on rock properties or the evolution and migration of fluids. The basis of the algorithm is the representation of the continuous compositional variations of solution phases by series of discrete compositions. As a consequence of this ...
Relocation Of Earthquakes Western Puerto Rico Region Using
... improve our understanding of this seismicity by identifying and understanding specific fault structures in the region. It is important to determine the location of such faults because the hypocentral distance affects the amount of on-land shaking, which is a factor used for earthquake planning by go ...
... improve our understanding of this seismicity by identifying and understanding specific fault structures in the region. It is important to determine the location of such faults because the hypocentral distance affects the amount of on-land shaking, which is a factor used for earthquake planning by go ...
Earthscope
Earthscope is an earth science program using geological and geophysical techniques to explore the structure and evolution of the North American continent and to understand the processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes. The project has three components: USARRAY, the Plate Boundary Observatory, and the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth.The project is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the data produced is publicly accessible in real-time. Organizations associated with the project include UNAVCO, the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), Stanford University, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Several international organizations also contribute to the initiative.