Download the PDF
... Tethyan belt. This picture disagrees with the concept, derived from hot spot studies, of an undeforming, absolute reference framework at depth, but weaknesses in current hot spot theory would make a rejection of the present model o n this ground premature. If the present model is generally correct, ...
... Tethyan belt. This picture disagrees with the concept, derived from hot spot studies, of an undeforming, absolute reference framework at depth, but weaknesses in current hot spot theory would make a rejection of the present model o n this ground premature. If the present model is generally correct, ...
Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot
... of partially molten to solidified rhyolitic magma chambers, aggregating an order of magnitude greater in volume than the volcanic products, and a complex network of basaltic intrusions. Because they are significantly denser than rhyolitic magmas, basaltic magmas are trapped beneath a large rhyolitic ...
... of partially molten to solidified rhyolitic magma chambers, aggregating an order of magnitude greater in volume than the volcanic products, and a complex network of basaltic intrusions. Because they are significantly denser than rhyolitic magmas, basaltic magmas are trapped beneath a large rhyolitic ...
Earthquakes: Basic Principles
... By the late nineteenth century, the new discipline of seismology, which deals with the methodical study of earthquakes, had accumulated sufficient empirical observations to allow the development of novel approaches to systematically estimate the size and tabulate the effects of earthquakes. It took ...
... By the late nineteenth century, the new discipline of seismology, which deals with the methodical study of earthquakes, had accumulated sufficient empirical observations to allow the development of novel approaches to systematically estimate the size and tabulate the effects of earthquakes. It took ...
mid-ocean ridges: mantle convection
... the formation of crust (Figure 3). Independent of plate motion, lateral density variations can drive ‘active’ or ‘buoyant’ mantle upwelling and further contribute to decompression melting, as we discuss below. Several lines of evidence indicate that the upwelling is restricted to the upper mantle. T ...
... the formation of crust (Figure 3). Independent of plate motion, lateral density variations can drive ‘active’ or ‘buoyant’ mantle upwelling and further contribute to decompression melting, as we discuss below. Several lines of evidence indicate that the upwelling is restricted to the upper mantle. T ...
Constraints on the source parameters of low
... rupture extent of large earthquakes). Variability of duration was neither systematic nor significantly different from the average duration suggesting that the variations do not originate at the source. The lack of observable directivity is not surprising given the small event sizes, long durations, a ...
... rupture extent of large earthquakes). Variability of duration was neither systematic nor significantly different from the average duration suggesting that the variations do not originate at the source. The lack of observable directivity is not surprising given the small event sizes, long durations, a ...
6 THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WESTERN COLOMBIA
... Galeras volcano summit. The topographic contour lines at 4000 m and 3500 m levels are also plotted. ...
... Galeras volcano summit. The topographic contour lines at 4000 m and 3500 m levels are also plotted. ...
Intrusive dike complexes, cumulate cores, and the extrusive growth
... model space was bound by topography/bathymetry, while the model basement, at 20 km below sea level, encompassed the base of the thickest Hawaiian volcanic crust (13 km) and 7 km of preexisting oceanic crust [Watts et al., 1985]. The density distribution was found by solving an optimization problem o ...
... model space was bound by topography/bathymetry, while the model basement, at 20 km below sea level, encompassed the base of the thickest Hawaiian volcanic crust (13 km) and 7 km of preexisting oceanic crust [Watts et al., 1985]. The density distribution was found by solving an optimization problem o ...
Crustal evaluation of the northern Red Sea rift and Gulf of Suez
... the transition from continental to oceanic extension in a rift. Observations of its structure and tectonics allow a qualitative model for that transition to be developed. On land, refraction data indicate a Moho depth of 35– 40 km with a velocity 8.0 km/s, in the areas which are not affected by the r ...
... the transition from continental to oceanic extension in a rift. Observations of its structure and tectonics allow a qualitative model for that transition to be developed. On land, refraction data indicate a Moho depth of 35– 40 km with a velocity 8.0 km/s, in the areas which are not affected by the r ...
Earthquakes: Basic Principles
... By the late nineteenth century, the new discipline of seismology, which deals with the methodical study of earthquakes, had accumulated sufficient empirical observations to allow the development of novel approaches to systematically estimate the size and tabulate the effects of earthquakes. It took ...
... By the late nineteenth century, the new discipline of seismology, which deals with the methodical study of earthquakes, had accumulated sufficient empirical observations to allow the development of novel approaches to systematically estimate the size and tabulate the effects of earthquakes. It took ...
Ambae volcano - Latest News
... In October last year the founding Project Director, Hugh Cowan, left GNS Science to take up the position of Research Manager at EQC. Hugh has made a huge contribution to geological hazards research and monitoring in New Zealand over an extended period of time, a contribution that continues in his ne ...
... In October last year the founding Project Director, Hugh Cowan, left GNS Science to take up the position of Research Manager at EQC. Hugh has made a huge contribution to geological hazards research and monitoring in New Zealand over an extended period of time, a contribution that continues in his ne ...
- Free Documents
... first to arrive and be recorded at geophysical research stations throughout the world. The waves are further differentiated by the kinds of motions they impart to rock particles. Earthquakes can release energy thousands of times greater than the worlds first atomic bomb. Earthquake. vibrations produ ...
... first to arrive and be recorded at geophysical research stations throughout the world. The waves are further differentiated by the kinds of motions they impart to rock particles. Earthquakes can release energy thousands of times greater than the worlds first atomic bomb. Earthquake. vibrations produ ...
(2005, April). Beyond the thermal plume paradigm. Geophys. Res
... surface manifestations: massive flood volcanism followed by a vigorous hotspot activity, or only a weak hotspot activity, inducing an age progressive volcanic chain that does not start with a large igneous province. Our results provide a framework to reconcile contrasting observations in the central ...
... surface manifestations: massive flood volcanism followed by a vigorous hotspot activity, or only a weak hotspot activity, inducing an age progressive volcanic chain that does not start with a large igneous province. Our results provide a framework to reconcile contrasting observations in the central ...
Overthrusting and sediment accretion along Kl
... or clastic sediments sandwiched between the volcano and the oceanic crust. Thin sediments in the Hawaiian Deep constrain the oceanic plate to be about 6 km deep along the northeastern edge of line 2. Assuming a landward dip of 2°–3° (Hill and Zucca, 1987; Got et al., 1994), the top of the oceanic pl ...
... or clastic sediments sandwiched between the volcano and the oceanic crust. Thin sediments in the Hawaiian Deep constrain the oceanic plate to be about 6 km deep along the northeastern edge of line 2. Assuming a landward dip of 2°–3° (Hill and Zucca, 1987; Got et al., 1994), the top of the oceanic pl ...
Sub-slab mantle flow parallel to the Caribbean plate boundaries
... Upper-mantle deformation near the margins of the Caribbean plate is investigated using observations of shear-wave splitting in teleseismic and local shear phases. The Caribbean plate is almost stationary in the hot-spot reference frame and is wedged between the North America, South America, Nazca an ...
... Upper-mantle deformation near the margins of the Caribbean plate is investigated using observations of shear-wave splitting in teleseismic and local shear phases. The Caribbean plate is almost stationary in the hot-spot reference frame and is wedged between the North America, South America, Nazca an ...
Influence of mantle dynamics on the topographic evolution of the
... interruptions such as the Tarim Basin where the local lithospheric strength may have been sufficient to resist contractional deformation [Neil and Houseman, 1997]. [8] The crustal thickness beneath Tibet is not well defined, but appears to decrease from around 70 km in the south to about 65 km in th ...
... interruptions such as the Tarim Basin where the local lithospheric strength may have been sufficient to resist contractional deformation [Neil and Houseman, 1997]. [8] The crustal thickness beneath Tibet is not well defined, but appears to decrease from around 70 km in the south to about 65 km in th ...
Westbrook et al., (1988)
... seismic velocity. The loss of the bright reflector at 70 km could be because it is intersected by a thrust that soles out at a lower stratigraphic level and the old decollement is deformed in the hanging wall. At 58 km, a thrust cuts down into the underlying sequence without a loss of brightness on ...
... seismic velocity. The loss of the bright reflector at 70 km could be because it is intersected by a thrust that soles out at a lower stratigraphic level and the old decollement is deformed in the hanging wall. At 58 km, a thrust cuts down into the underlying sequence without a loss of brightness on ...
6 Planetary Interiors - Center for Integrative Planetary Science
... In the previous two chapters, we discussed the atmospheres and surface geology of planets. Both of these regions of a planet can be observed directly from Earth and/or space. But what can we say about the deep interior of a planet? We are unable to observe the inside of a planet directly. For the Ea ...
... In the previous two chapters, we discussed the atmospheres and surface geology of planets. Both of these regions of a planet can be observed directly from Earth and/or space. But what can we say about the deep interior of a planet? We are unable to observe the inside of a planet directly. For the Ea ...
Continent-sized anomalous zones with low
... The vertical extent of reduced LLSVP velocities between models is similarly divergent, but extends as far up as 1,200 km above the core–mantle boundary (CMB) in places5–8. Models consistently reveal different shapes for the Pacific and African LLSVPs: the Pacific LLSVP has a relatively round shape w ...
... The vertical extent of reduced LLSVP velocities between models is similarly divergent, but extends as far up as 1,200 km above the core–mantle boundary (CMB) in places5–8. Models consistently reveal different shapes for the Pacific and African LLSVPs: the Pacific LLSVP has a relatively round shape w ...
Origins of the plume hypothesis and some of its
... estimates of the excess (above MORB) potential temperature of the upwelling mantle (before melting commences) are 200-300 K. The estimate for Iceland utilizes the thickness of the oceanic crust. Estimates for Hawaii depend on the melting depth beneath old lithosphere. Flux estimates for Iceland depe ...
... estimates of the excess (above MORB) potential temperature of the upwelling mantle (before melting commences) are 200-300 K. The estimate for Iceland utilizes the thickness of the oceanic crust. Estimates for Hawaii depend on the melting depth beneath old lithosphere. Flux estimates for Iceland depe ...
Lithospheric deformation during the early stages of continental
... that because the mantle material is chemically homogeneous, it is difficult to determine a strict division between the lithosphere and sub-lithospheric mantle. However, to aid in our description of the numerical experiments, we will refer to material initially at <120 km depth and cooler than 1350◦ ...
... that because the mantle material is chemically homogeneous, it is difficult to determine a strict division between the lithosphere and sub-lithospheric mantle. However, to aid in our description of the numerical experiments, we will refer to material initially at <120 km depth and cooler than 1350◦ ...
Continent formation through time
... most of our natural resources. Thus, the following remain critical questions in Earth Science, and provide an underlying theme to all of the contributions within this volume: when, how and where did the continental crust form? How did it differentiate and evolve through time? How has it has been pre ...
... most of our natural resources. Thus, the following remain critical questions in Earth Science, and provide an underlying theme to all of the contributions within this volume: when, how and where did the continental crust form? How did it differentiate and evolve through time? How has it has been pre ...
Earthscope
Earthscope is an earth science program using geological and geophysical techniques to explore the structure and evolution of the North American continent and to understand the processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes. The project has three components: USARRAY, the Plate Boundary Observatory, and the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth.The project is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the data produced is publicly accessible in real-time. Organizations associated with the project include UNAVCO, the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), Stanford University, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Several international organizations also contribute to the initiative.