TGF-beta SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION - University of Colorado-MCDB
... of structurally related polypeptide growth factors, each capable of regulating a fascinating array of cellular processes including cell proliferation, lineage determination, differentiation, motility, adhesion, and death. Expressed in complex temporal and tissue-specific patterns, TGF-β and related ...
... of structurally related polypeptide growth factors, each capable of regulating a fascinating array of cellular processes including cell proliferation, lineage determination, differentiation, motility, adhesion, and death. Expressed in complex temporal and tissue-specific patterns, TGF-β and related ...
Altered Behavioral Response to Dopamine D3 Receptor Agonists 7
... change in baseline activity distinguishing the two pretreatment groups. We tested our prediction that AMPH pretreatment resulted in an enduring enhancement of AMPH-stimulated locomotion, using a one-tailed test. Crossovers from 0 to 120 min following AMPH (0.5 mg/kg) injection were determined in bot ...
... change in baseline activity distinguishing the two pretreatment groups. We tested our prediction that AMPH pretreatment resulted in an enduring enhancement of AMPH-stimulated locomotion, using a one-tailed test. Crossovers from 0 to 120 min following AMPH (0.5 mg/kg) injection were determined in bot ...
From neuroanatomy to behavior: central integration of peripheral
... descriptions in tandem with an understanding of cellular physiology. More recent technological advances have culminated in the identification of peripheral and central factors that influence neural circuits regulating metabolism. This Review highlights contributions to our understanding of periphera ...
... descriptions in tandem with an understanding of cellular physiology. More recent technological advances have culminated in the identification of peripheral and central factors that influence neural circuits regulating metabolism. This Review highlights contributions to our understanding of periphera ...
Does Loss of Nerve Growth Factor Receptors Precede Loss of
... band of Broca and the nucleusbasalisof Meynert (Fig. lA-C). Within cell bodies,the reaction product wasconcentratedat the neuronal membrane and in the perinuclear area. No immunostaining was observed in the striatum. In brains from AD patients, immunoreactivity was globally decreasedin the nucleusba ...
... band of Broca and the nucleusbasalisof Meynert (Fig. lA-C). Within cell bodies,the reaction product wasconcentratedat the neuronal membrane and in the perinuclear area. No immunostaining was observed in the striatum. In brains from AD patients, immunoreactivity was globally decreasedin the nucleusba ...
AHEART December 46/6 - AJP
... blue). Three widely separated fields at ⫻100 magnification were then examined to determine cell morphology (rod, round, or square) and permeability (blue vs. not blue), and the results were averaged for each group (4). More than 300 cells were examined in each sample. Cells that were not able to exc ...
... blue). Three widely separated fields at ⫻100 magnification were then examined to determine cell morphology (rod, round, or square) and permeability (blue vs. not blue), and the results were averaged for each group (4). More than 300 cells were examined in each sample. Cells that were not able to exc ...
Chapter 08: The Chemical Senses
... VNO has its own receptors : — ~300 in mice, 5 in humans — Structurally different from odorant receptors — Ligands are largely unknown Unusual cAMP gated channels are evolutionarily conserved : Used in the visual transduction as well Recent finding suggests both olfactory system and vomeronasal syste ...
... VNO has its own receptors : — ~300 in mice, 5 in humans — Structurally different from odorant receptors — Ligands are largely unknown Unusual cAMP gated channels are evolutionarily conserved : Used in the visual transduction as well Recent finding suggests both olfactory system and vomeronasal syste ...
THE YIN AND YANG OF NEUROTROPHIN ACTION
... proneurotrophins: intracellular cleavage followed by secretion; secretion followed by extracellular cleavage; or secretion without subsequent cleavage. Uncleaved proneurotrophins signal by binding and activating p75NTR. The ligand–receptor complex is presumably transported retrogradely, but, so far, ...
... proneurotrophins: intracellular cleavage followed by secretion; secretion followed by extracellular cleavage; or secretion without subsequent cleavage. Uncleaved proneurotrophins signal by binding and activating p75NTR. The ligand–receptor complex is presumably transported retrogradely, but, so far, ...
Neurochemical excitation of propriospinal neurons facilitates
... spinal cord. During electrical stimulation of the brain stem, propriospinal transmission alone, independent of long direct projections, was sufficient to activate locomotor-like activity in 27% of in vitro rat preparations (Cowley et al. 2008). Thus regeneration of propriospinal connections and arti ...
... spinal cord. During electrical stimulation of the brain stem, propriospinal transmission alone, independent of long direct projections, was sufficient to activate locomotor-like activity in 27% of in vitro rat preparations (Cowley et al. 2008). Thus regeneration of propriospinal connections and arti ...
Seizure, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression are closely
... are epileptogenic and excitotoxic to nerve cells both in vitro and in vivo (Whetsell, 1996). The release of these EAAs from the nerve terminals may be Ca2+ -dependent or -independent, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Extracellular K+ stimulates the EAA efflux from striatal neurons ( ...
... are epileptogenic and excitotoxic to nerve cells both in vitro and in vivo (Whetsell, 1996). The release of these EAAs from the nerve terminals may be Ca2+ -dependent or -independent, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Extracellular K+ stimulates the EAA efflux from striatal neurons ( ...
Benzodiazepines
... metabolites) ranges from 8 – >60 hours, if short half life & no active metabolites rapidly attains steady state with minimal accumulation. Benzodiazepines ...
... metabolites) ranges from 8 – >60 hours, if short half life & no active metabolites rapidly attains steady state with minimal accumulation. Benzodiazepines ...
InterimSummary The Nature of Learning
... THE NATURE OF LEARNING Learning refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior. We refer to these changes as memories. Although it is convenient to describe memories as if they were notes placed in filing cabinets, this is certainly not the way experience ...
... THE NATURE OF LEARNING Learning refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior. We refer to these changes as memories. Although it is convenient to describe memories as if they were notes placed in filing cabinets, this is certainly not the way experience ...
TESI DOCTORAL NEUROKININ-1 RECEPTOR: STRATEGIES OF EXPRESSION, PURIFICATION AND REFOLDING
... are Lys-Arg, Arg-Arg, and Arg-Lys doublets and the cleavage is carried out by six groups of proteolytic enzymes called convertases (Steiner et al., 1992). Like all other neurotransmitters, neuronal tachykinins are released from the nerve endings in response to application of physiological and non-ph ...
... are Lys-Arg, Arg-Arg, and Arg-Lys doublets and the cleavage is carried out by six groups of proteolytic enzymes called convertases (Steiner et al., 1992). Like all other neurotransmitters, neuronal tachykinins are released from the nerve endings in response to application of physiological and non-ph ...
Molecular Characterization of the Melanin
... a central hydrophobic region within the transmembrane bundle. This arrangement suggests potential binding site domains for the MCH peptide ligand. In this model, two alternative orientations for the MCH peptide could be proposed, depending on the hydrophilic pocket in which Arg11 and Arg14 of the li ...
... a central hydrophobic region within the transmembrane bundle. This arrangement suggests potential binding site domains for the MCH peptide ligand. In this model, two alternative orientations for the MCH peptide could be proposed, depending on the hydrophilic pocket in which Arg11 and Arg14 of the li ...
Subtype-Specific Sorting of the ETA Endothelin Receptor by a Novel
... A key event of endocytic transport of signaling receptors is their sorting to either divergent recycling or degradative membrane pathways. The prevailing model proposes that internalized receptors are prevented from recycling by becoming sequestered and retained in multivesicular bodies (Sorkin and ...
... A key event of endocytic transport of signaling receptors is their sorting to either divergent recycling or degradative membrane pathways. The prevailing model proposes that internalized receptors are prevented from recycling by becoming sequestered and retained in multivesicular bodies (Sorkin and ...
Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Antagonists as Promising New
... blocks the subjective effects of ⌬9-THC in humans and prevents relapse to smoking in exsmokers. Findings from both clinical and preclinical studies suggest that ligands blocking CB1 receptors offer a novel approach for patients suffering from drug dependence that may be efficacious across different ...
... blocks the subjective effects of ⌬9-THC in humans and prevents relapse to smoking in exsmokers. Findings from both clinical and preclinical studies suggest that ligands blocking CB1 receptors offer a novel approach for patients suffering from drug dependence that may be efficacious across different ...
Neurotransmitters
... on the location in the body and produces different physiologic symptom. Understanding the numerous neurotransmitters, their receptors, locations and interactions with one another has been central to the design of medicines for mental illness. prof. aza ...
... on the location in the body and produces different physiologic symptom. Understanding the numerous neurotransmitters, their receptors, locations and interactions with one another has been central to the design of medicines for mental illness. prof. aza ...
Selective cognitive dysfunction in acetylcholine M
... and their corresponding genes, termed M1–M5, have been identified and cloned, but their high degree of sequence similarity has hindered the development of highly selective ligands1. Therefore, the broad array of deficits produced by antagonists such as scopolamine or atropine and more selective liga ...
... and their corresponding genes, termed M1–M5, have been identified and cloned, but their high degree of sequence similarity has hindered the development of highly selective ligands1. Therefore, the broad array of deficits produced by antagonists such as scopolamine or atropine and more selective liga ...
Umami, a taste unto itself
... It is a common belief regarding taste that there are a limited number of fundamental qualities--sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. The notion of a limited number of basic tastes stems from antiquity. Aristotle summarized the common beliefs of the day regarding taste qualities in his treatise on ...
... It is a common belief regarding taste that there are a limited number of fundamental qualities--sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. The notion of a limited number of basic tastes stems from antiquity. Aristotle summarized the common beliefs of the day regarding taste qualities in his treatise on ...
5-Hydroxytryptamine2C Receptor Contribution to m
... paraventricular nuclei), and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). For group analyses, ROI BOLD signal intensities (⌬S/So) from individual animals were averaged across animals. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for the postinjection period of each animal in each drug treatment group. The valu ...
... paraventricular nuclei), and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). For group analyses, ROI BOLD signal intensities (⌬S/So) from individual animals were averaged across animals. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for the postinjection period of each animal in each drug treatment group. The valu ...
Drosophila GABA, short neuropeptide F and their receptors
... cells express receptors to neuropeptide F (NPF) and were demonstrated to be under control of NPF (Krashes et al., 2007). 1.1.3. Other neurons and circuits of interest Gustatory and olfactory inputs signal about presence if food and about food quality. However, in order to monitor nutritional needs a ...
... cells express receptors to neuropeptide F (NPF) and were demonstrated to be under control of NPF (Krashes et al., 2007). 1.1.3. Other neurons and circuits of interest Gustatory and olfactory inputs signal about presence if food and about food quality. However, in order to monitor nutritional needs a ...
Pharmacology/Therapeutics I Block 2 Lectures 12. Drug Actions in
... packaged into large “dense core vesicles”. This packaging occurs at the endoplasmic recticulum and so is difficult to target selectively. The vesicles are transported to the nerve terminal. C. Release – Dense core vesicles reside farther away from the pre-synaptic membrane than do small synaptic ves ...
... packaged into large “dense core vesicles”. This packaging occurs at the endoplasmic recticulum and so is difficult to target selectively. The vesicles are transported to the nerve terminal. C. Release – Dense core vesicles reside farther away from the pre-synaptic membrane than do small synaptic ves ...
Lester-Lect to CaltechAssociates-Nov
... reports that they think better when they smoke; this anecdotal observation is confirmed by data that smokers who smoke nicotine cigarettes (but not nicotine-free cigarettes) display several cognitive enhancements. In the rodent context, rats show more contextual fear conditioning if, one day after w ...
... reports that they think better when they smoke; this anecdotal observation is confirmed by data that smokers who smoke nicotine cigarettes (but not nicotine-free cigarettes) display several cognitive enhancements. In the rodent context, rats show more contextual fear conditioning if, one day after w ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.