Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
... long-term facilitation (13). Third, the cyclic AMP response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) is then activated in the cell nucleus, resulting in the gene transcription necessary for long-term facilitation. Recent findings suggest that another form of CREB, CREB2, may repress activation of CREB1 so ...
... long-term facilitation (13). Third, the cyclic AMP response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) is then activated in the cell nucleus, resulting in the gene transcription necessary for long-term facilitation. Recent findings suggest that another form of CREB, CREB2, may repress activation of CREB1 so ...
Photoreception
... Cells communicate with each other electrically, through gap junctions, and chemically, using neurotransmitters. Chemical synaptic transmission allows nerve signals to be exchanged between cells which are electrically isolated from each other. The chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, provides a w ...
... Cells communicate with each other electrically, through gap junctions, and chemically, using neurotransmitters. Chemical synaptic transmission allows nerve signals to be exchanged between cells which are electrically isolated from each other. The chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, provides a w ...
Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting - Vanderbilt University Medical
... • Hydration-due to NPO status and fluids lost during surgery, post-operative patients are frequently still in fluid deficits. Recommended IV fluid doses range from 15-40ml/kg of Ringers Lactate for hydration is encouraged. • Post-operative pain relief-use a multi-modal approach, ice/heat, reposition ...
... • Hydration-due to NPO status and fluids lost during surgery, post-operative patients are frequently still in fluid deficits. Recommended IV fluid doses range from 15-40ml/kg of Ringers Lactate for hydration is encouraged. • Post-operative pain relief-use a multi-modal approach, ice/heat, reposition ...
Complex Behavioral Strategy and Reversal Learning in the Water
... strategies themselves might involve hippocampal NMDA-LTP (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993; Bannerman et al., 1995; McHugh et al., 1996; Morris et al., 1996, 1997; Jeffrey, 1997). Naive rats given an NMDA receptor antagonist swim around the edge of the pool and often fail to mount and remain on the hidd ...
... strategies themselves might involve hippocampal NMDA-LTP (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993; Bannerman et al., 1995; McHugh et al., 1996; Morris et al., 1996, 1997; Jeffrey, 1997). Naive rats given an NMDA receptor antagonist swim around the edge of the pool and often fail to mount and remain on the hidd ...
32 MaxPlanckResearch 3 | 09 Small but mighty: In mice, around ten
... on the assumption of the “one neuronone receptor hypothesis.” There is, however, some evidence that olfactory sensory neurons can actually produce several receptor types ...
... on the assumption of the “one neuronone receptor hypothesis.” There is, however, some evidence that olfactory sensory neurons can actually produce several receptor types ...
Ann Rev of Physiol, v 63, pp. 847-869
... mechanisms that can generate precise change in synaptic structure and function (7–9), homeostasis is thought to constrain this change within reasonable physiological limits. The mechanisms of homeostatic regulation in the nervous system remain to be characterized in any detail. The experimental data ...
... mechanisms that can generate precise change in synaptic structure and function (7–9), homeostasis is thought to constrain this change within reasonable physiological limits. The mechanisms of homeostatic regulation in the nervous system remain to be characterized in any detail. The experimental data ...
Pharmacology Tutoring for Sedative Hypnotics and Antiemetics
... The physiological state in REM sleep is indicative of wakefulness The first cycle can last from 5-15 minutes Cycles decrease in length throughout the night ...
... The physiological state in REM sleep is indicative of wakefulness The first cycle can last from 5-15 minutes Cycles decrease in length throughout the night ...
Author`s personal copy
... rats showed opposite patterns of binding in dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. Whereas LD rats showed higher binding than HD rats for D1 receptors, HD rats showed higher binding than LD rats for D2 r ...
... rats showed opposite patterns of binding in dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. Whereas LD rats showed higher binding than HD rats for D1 receptors, HD rats showed higher binding than LD rats for D2 r ...
ii. synthetic analogues to target the membrane ci-m6pr - HAL
... It has been shown that a negatively charged phosphodiester analogue of M6P (with one methyl ester on the phosphate moiety) displays an affinity for the receptor similar to that of M6P [25]. This result demonstrates that only one negative charge is necessary for the binding to the CI-M6PR. This was c ...
... It has been shown that a negatively charged phosphodiester analogue of M6P (with one methyl ester on the phosphate moiety) displays an affinity for the receptor similar to that of M6P [25]. This result demonstrates that only one negative charge is necessary for the binding to the CI-M6PR. This was c ...
Minireview Stress-Induced Pain: A Target for the Development of
... receptors (prostaglandin receptor, tyrosine receptor kinase A, neurokinin receptor type 1, protease-activated receptors, etc.) and subsequent signaling though second-messenger systems (protein kinase A and protein kinase C), these receptors and the second-messenger systems represent likely targets f ...
... receptors (prostaglandin receptor, tyrosine receptor kinase A, neurokinin receptor type 1, protease-activated receptors, etc.) and subsequent signaling though second-messenger systems (protein kinase A and protein kinase C), these receptors and the second-messenger systems represent likely targets f ...
The serotonin RECEPTOR antagonists NAN
... Some aspects of locomotor activity and the stereotyped behavior induced by methamphetamine, a known drug of abuse worldwide, are probably a consequence of the release of dopamine from dopaminergic nerve terminals, particularly in the neostriatum. With higher doses of methamphetamine, disturbances of ...
... Some aspects of locomotor activity and the stereotyped behavior induced by methamphetamine, a known drug of abuse worldwide, are probably a consequence of the release of dopamine from dopaminergic nerve terminals, particularly in the neostriatum. With higher doses of methamphetamine, disturbances of ...
Histamine in Atopic Disorders: Atopic Dermatitis and
... involved in inflammation and pruritus in these disorders and how they lead to pathogenesis are not completely understood. A major mediator of inflammation and allergic reactions is histamine, which plays an important role in acute and chronic inflammation as well as hypersensitivity reactions. High ...
... involved in inflammation and pruritus in these disorders and how they lead to pathogenesis are not completely understood. A major mediator of inflammation and allergic reactions is histamine, which plays an important role in acute and chronic inflammation as well as hypersensitivity reactions. High ...
An Olfactory Sensory Map in the Fly Brain
... in nematodes and mice, the logic of olfactory perception differs in the two organisms. The discrimination of olfactory information requires neural mechanisms capable of distinguishing which of the numerous receptors have been activated by a given odorant. In C. elegans, a family of 1000 receptor gen ...
... in nematodes and mice, the logic of olfactory perception differs in the two organisms. The discrimination of olfactory information requires neural mechanisms capable of distinguishing which of the numerous receptors have been activated by a given odorant. In C. elegans, a family of 1000 receptor gen ...
Ibogaine
... binding to muscarinic receptor subtypes. Functional evidence of muscarinic agonistic effect:decrease heart rate and effects on the EEG (dyssynchrony) Ganglionic nicotinic blockade with reduced secretion of Catecholamines in cultures ...
... binding to muscarinic receptor subtypes. Functional evidence of muscarinic agonistic effect:decrease heart rate and effects on the EEG (dyssynchrony) Ganglionic nicotinic blockade with reduced secretion of Catecholamines in cultures ...
Central Nervous System Stimulants
... (i.e., increase chloride conductance). Benzodiazepineinduced facilitation of GABA-mediated increases in chloride conduction are antagonized by pentylenetetrazol and possibly by the methylxanthines, while picrotoxin closes the chloride channel. Other agents that appear to promote chloride conductance ...
... (i.e., increase chloride conductance). Benzodiazepineinduced facilitation of GABA-mediated increases in chloride conduction are antagonized by pentylenetetrazol and possibly by the methylxanthines, while picrotoxin closes the chloride channel. Other agents that appear to promote chloride conductance ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... multiplicative properties of synaptic scaling are understood. Direct application of glutamate4 and fluorescent labeling of receptors5, 6 show that synaptic scaling is due to a postsynaptic change in the number of functional glutamate receptors. Furthermore, increasing synaptic strength during reduce ...
... multiplicative properties of synaptic scaling are understood. Direct application of glutamate4 and fluorescent labeling of receptors5, 6 show that synaptic scaling is due to a postsynaptic change in the number of functional glutamate receptors. Furthermore, increasing synaptic strength during reduce ...
Biron_JSBMB_2015_rev - Corpus UL
... The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand regulated transcription factors that plays an integral role in primary and secondary male sexual development. As a key regulator for the growth, terminal differentiation and function of the prostate gland, exce ...
... The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand regulated transcription factors that plays an integral role in primary and secondary male sexual development. As a key regulator for the growth, terminal differentiation and function of the prostate gland, exce ...
Document
... in animals is tyrosine kinases, this type of receptor is extremely rare in plants Whereas plants seem to rely largely on serine/threonine kinases cell membranes receptors. ...
... in animals is tyrosine kinases, this type of receptor is extremely rare in plants Whereas plants seem to rely largely on serine/threonine kinases cell membranes receptors. ...
File
... peripheral tissues, its CNS effects may be due to actions at dopamine receptors. • In pituitary, some ergot alkaloids are potent dopamine-like inhibitors of prolactin secretion. • Bromocriptine and Pergolide are among the most potent of the semisynthetic derivatives at these dopamine D2 receptors an ...
... peripheral tissues, its CNS effects may be due to actions at dopamine receptors. • In pituitary, some ergot alkaloids are potent dopamine-like inhibitors of prolactin secretion. • Bromocriptine and Pergolide are among the most potent of the semisynthetic derivatives at these dopamine D2 receptors an ...
Targeting the dopamine D receptor in schizophrenia
... contents [4]. It also became clear in 1963 that all antipsychotics were surface active, readily explaining their hydrophobic affinity for biomembranes. Some of these non-receptor findings, such as the potent surface activities of the antipsychotics, showed an astonishingly excellent correlation with ...
... contents [4]. It also became clear in 1963 that all antipsychotics were surface active, readily explaining their hydrophobic affinity for biomembranes. Some of these non-receptor findings, such as the potent surface activities of the antipsychotics, showed an astonishingly excellent correlation with ...
Principles of Pharmacology and Toxicology (BIOL3020)
... - Endorphins: naturally produced by the body and are quickly broken down after they are released; - Heroin: more addictive; stays in the body for a longer period of time ...
... - Endorphins: naturally produced by the body and are quickly broken down after they are released; - Heroin: more addictive; stays in the body for a longer period of time ...
Reciprocal Regulation of Agonist and Inverse Agonist Signaling
... inverse agonist pretreatment at two consecutive levels of the ␦OR signaling cascade. Figure 1A shows that pre-exposure to ICI174864 modified both basal and ligand-dependent [35S]GTP␥S binding. In the case of basal binding, ICI174864 increased values by 25%, shifting the amount of [35S]GTP␥S bound fr ...
... inverse agonist pretreatment at two consecutive levels of the ␦OR signaling cascade. Figure 1A shows that pre-exposure to ICI174864 modified both basal and ligand-dependent [35S]GTP␥S binding. In the case of basal binding, ICI174864 increased values by 25%, shifting the amount of [35S]GTP␥S bound fr ...
ATP as a Signaling Molecule: the Exocrine Focus
... multitude of P2Y and P2X receptors, rendering the study of intracellular signaling quite difficult, and our first glimpses of signaling pathways are appearing from studies of P2 receptors in expression systems. The lifetime of ATP is closely regulated by a number of proteins that have their catalyti ...
... multitude of P2Y and P2X receptors, rendering the study of intracellular signaling quite difficult, and our first glimpses of signaling pathways are appearing from studies of P2 receptors in expression systems. The lifetime of ATP is closely regulated by a number of proteins that have their catalyti ...
Ignatowska-Jankowska et al, 2014
... pain. Through their stimulation of CB1 receptors, they inhibit pain transmission at central, spinal and peripheral synapses and may serve an auto protective role (Walker et al, 1999). While preclinical data indicate that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of Cannabis ...
... pain. Through their stimulation of CB1 receptors, they inhibit pain transmission at central, spinal and peripheral synapses and may serve an auto protective role (Walker et al, 1999). While preclinical data indicate that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of Cannabis ...
Dynamic regulation of the GABAA receptor function by redox
... TM1 to TM4, with TM2 contributing to the ionic channel), a short intracellular loop (M1M2 linker), a small extracellular loop (M2-M3 linker), a bulky intracellular loop (M3-M4 linker), and an extracellular C-terminus (Fig. 1). Two cysteine residues located at the external N-terminus of the GABAAR su ...
... TM1 to TM4, with TM2 contributing to the ionic channel), a short intracellular loop (M1M2 linker), a small extracellular loop (M2-M3 linker), a bulky intracellular loop (M3-M4 linker), and an extracellular C-terminus (Fig. 1). Two cysteine residues located at the external N-terminus of the GABAAR su ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.