Synaptic and extrasynaptic traces of long-term memory
... change in a matter of hours. This means that to implement the long survival of distant memories (for several decades in humans), the brain must possess a molecular backup mechanism in some form, complete with provisions for the storage and retrieval of information. It is found below that the memory- ...
... change in a matter of hours. This means that to implement the long survival of distant memories (for several decades in humans), the brain must possess a molecular backup mechanism in some form, complete with provisions for the storage and retrieval of information. It is found below that the memory- ...
Advances in Environmental Biology
... reward and mental addiction in animals, was selected. This method was used to study effect of one of neurotransmitter systems which has great importance in drug reward phenomenon, i.e. GABAergic system [1]. In recent years, GABA-B receptor agonists have received great attention; including in relatio ...
... reward and mental addiction in animals, was selected. This method was used to study effect of one of neurotransmitter systems which has great importance in drug reward phenomenon, i.e. GABAergic system [1]. In recent years, GABA-B receptor agonists have received great attention; including in relatio ...
Atonia-Related Regions in the Rodent Pons and Medulla
... calculated from the 50-ms prestimulus period. To measure latencies, 150-Hz stimulus trains at three times threshold intensity were delivered to the pontine and medullary reticular formations. The latency of muscle-tone suppression was 11.02 ⫾ 2.54 ms in the neck muscles and 20.49 ⫾ 3.39 ms in FIG. 3 ...
... calculated from the 50-ms prestimulus period. To measure latencies, 150-Hz stimulus trains at three times threshold intensity were delivered to the pontine and medullary reticular formations. The latency of muscle-tone suppression was 11.02 ⫾ 2.54 ms in the neck muscles and 20.49 ⫾ 3.39 ms in FIG. 3 ...
Serotonin 1B Receptor Modulates Frequency Response Curves and
... Auditory stimuli were created and data were collected with the custom software package Batlab (Dr. Donald Gans, Kent State University). Stimuli were regulated in intensity through a PA5 attenuator and were filtered through an FT-6 antialias filter (TDT; Alachua, FL). Stimuli were played through eith ...
... Auditory stimuli were created and data were collected with the custom software package Batlab (Dr. Donald Gans, Kent State University). Stimuli were regulated in intensity through a PA5 attenuator and were filtered through an FT-6 antialias filter (TDT; Alachua, FL). Stimuli were played through eith ...
Cell signalling - The Open University
... the same cell or group of cells it was secreted from. In development, autocrine signalling reinforces a particular developmental commitment of a cell type. Autocrine signalling can promote inappropriate proliferation, as may be the case in tumour cells. Endocrine signalling (Figure 3b (iii)) is a ki ...
... the same cell or group of cells it was secreted from. In development, autocrine signalling reinforces a particular developmental commitment of a cell type. Autocrine signalling can promote inappropriate proliferation, as may be the case in tumour cells. Endocrine signalling (Figure 3b (iii)) is a ki ...
Spike-Timing Theory of Working Memory
... seconds. Notably, the active maintenance of a PNG in WM does not depend on a reverberant/looping circuit, but it emerges as a result of the interplay between non-specific noise (which spontaneously triggers activation of PNGs) and short-term strengthening of the appropriate synapses (that makes subs ...
... seconds. Notably, the active maintenance of a PNG in WM does not depend on a reverberant/looping circuit, but it emerges as a result of the interplay between non-specific noise (which spontaneously triggers activation of PNGs) and short-term strengthening of the appropriate synapses (that makes subs ...
Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling
... hetero-oligomers (Kusumi et al., 2011), e.g. FLS2- or BRI1-SERK3/BAK1 complexes. In plants, the cell wall has additional influence on the PM organisation and dynamics (Martinière et al., 2012). As a consequence, lateral mobility and distribution of lipids and proteins within the PM is highly hetero ...
... hetero-oligomers (Kusumi et al., 2011), e.g. FLS2- or BRI1-SERK3/BAK1 complexes. In plants, the cell wall has additional influence on the PM organisation and dynamics (Martinière et al., 2012). As a consequence, lateral mobility and distribution of lipids and proteins within the PM is highly hetero ...
Neurotransmitter Receptor and Transporter Binding
... results of the saturation analyses for the radioligands used in the present studies, which served to determine radioligand and tissue concentrations necessary for the competition studies. Calculation of Ki values required determination of radioligand Kd values in this laboratory as values reported i ...
... results of the saturation analyses for the radioligands used in the present studies, which served to determine radioligand and tissue concentrations necessary for the competition studies. Calculation of Ki values required determination of radioligand Kd values in this laboratory as values reported i ...
Benzodiazepine Overdose and Withdrawal
... Benzodiazepines Are Superior to Ethanol and Barbiturates in Three Ways: 1. Less euphoric, no risk of classical addiction (except in former alcoholics) 2. Overdose is essentially never fatal (except when drugs are mixed) 3. Withdrawal is much milder, and is essentially never fatal (with very rare exc ...
... Benzodiazepines Are Superior to Ethanol and Barbiturates in Three Ways: 1. Less euphoric, no risk of classical addiction (except in former alcoholics) 2. Overdose is essentially never fatal (except when drugs are mixed) 3. Withdrawal is much milder, and is essentially never fatal (with very rare exc ...
Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of
... doses of PSOP (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) responded robustly to the CS and trace interval as well as to immediate posttrace interval of 30 s by freezing significantly greater than mice treated with vehicle in the very first extinction trial, indicating they “remembered” the link between the CS and the shock ...
... doses of PSOP (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) responded robustly to the CS and trace interval as well as to immediate posttrace interval of 30 s by freezing significantly greater than mice treated with vehicle in the very first extinction trial, indicating they “remembered” the link between the CS and the shock ...
The P2Y12 receptor regulates microglial activation by extracellular
... whether P2Y12 expression varies with the extent of microglial activation. To address this question, we first used an ex vivo tissue preparation to examine the time-course of P2Y12 expression following neural injury. To induce neural injury and facilitate microscopic examination over an extended peri ...
... whether P2Y12 expression varies with the extent of microglial activation. To address this question, we first used an ex vivo tissue preparation to examine the time-course of P2Y12 expression following neural injury. To induce neural injury and facilitate microscopic examination over an extended peri ...
Stockholm University
... of species, ranging from human and mouse to frog and tuna. Galanin mediates its physiological roles through three receptors (GalR1–3), all members of the G-protein coupled receptor family. In mapping these roles, receptor subtype selective ligands are crucial tools. To facilitate the ligand design, ...
... of species, ranging from human and mouse to frog and tuna. Galanin mediates its physiological roles through three receptors (GalR1–3), all members of the G-protein coupled receptor family. In mapping these roles, receptor subtype selective ligands are crucial tools. To facilitate the ligand design, ...
The Adenosine Story Goes Ionic: CaV2.1
... voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.20 Therefore, assessing sleep-wake behavior in animals with dysfunctional channels is unlikely to provide conclusive insights about adenosine’s molecular targets. Deboer et al.7 found an elegant solution when choosing a knock-in mouse carrying the R192Q mutation in the Ca ...
... voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.20 Therefore, assessing sleep-wake behavior in animals with dysfunctional channels is unlikely to provide conclusive insights about adenosine’s molecular targets. Deboer et al.7 found an elegant solution when choosing a knock-in mouse carrying the R192Q mutation in the Ca ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of excitatory striatal afferents in vitro leads to a long-lasting reduction in synaptic strength at MSN synapses (Calabresi et al., 1992a; Lovinger et al., 1993; Walsh, 1993) that is initiated postsynaptically, but expressed through ...
... LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of excitatory striatal afferents in vitro leads to a long-lasting reduction in synaptic strength at MSN synapses (Calabresi et al., 1992a; Lovinger et al., 1993; Walsh, 1993) that is initiated postsynaptically, but expressed through ...
- University of Mississippi
... of a sigma-1 receptor antagonist in conjunction with an opioid, the opioid-induced analgesia was potentiated (Maurice et al., 2009). Instead, if a sigma-1 agonist was administered with the opioid, then the opioid-induced analgesia was attenuated (Maurice et al., 2009). In other words, the antagonist ...
... of a sigma-1 receptor antagonist in conjunction with an opioid, the opioid-induced analgesia was potentiated (Maurice et al., 2009). Instead, if a sigma-1 agonist was administered with the opioid, then the opioid-induced analgesia was attenuated (Maurice et al., 2009). In other words, the antagonist ...
patrick_tb_ch05
... 01) Which of the following statements is not true about receptors? Feedback: Some protein receptors are certainly present inside cells, but the majority are present in the cell membrane. The binding site of receptors is analogous to the active site of enzymes. However, no reaction is catalysed. The ...
... 01) Which of the following statements is not true about receptors? Feedback: Some protein receptors are certainly present inside cells, but the majority are present in the cell membrane. The binding site of receptors is analogous to the active site of enzymes. However, no reaction is catalysed. The ...
Synaptic Transmission between Dorsal Root Ganglion and Dorsal
... These two receptors are more difficult to distinguish from each other. They are not blocked by magnesium ions or by APV but may be blocked differentially by y-o-glutamylglycine and piperidine dicarboxylic acid (Davis and Watkins, 1981). These compounds, however, appear to be relatively nonselective ...
... These two receptors are more difficult to distinguish from each other. They are not blocked by magnesium ions or by APV but may be blocked differentially by y-o-glutamylglycine and piperidine dicarboxylic acid (Davis and Watkins, 1981). These compounds, however, appear to be relatively nonselective ...
Development and function of human cerebral cortex neural networks
... peaked, with few inter-burst intervals and a high frequency of bursting (0.18 Hz; Fig. 3E,F; supplementary material Movie 3), defined as the number of bursting events per unit time. With a further week in culture, synchronicity decreased, with longer time periods between transients, and a reduction ...
... peaked, with few inter-burst intervals and a high frequency of bursting (0.18 Hz; Fig. 3E,F; supplementary material Movie 3), defined as the number of bursting events per unit time. With a further week in culture, synchronicity decreased, with longer time periods between transients, and a reduction ...
Stahl_3rd_ch04_Part2..
... a full agonist (Figure 4-23). Thus, downstream proteins are maximally phosphorylated and genes are maximally affected. Loss of the agonist actions of a neurotransmitter at G protein-linked receptors, due to deficient neurotransmission of any cause, would lead to the loss of this rich downstream chem ...
... a full agonist (Figure 4-23). Thus, downstream proteins are maximally phosphorylated and genes are maximally affected. Loss of the agonist actions of a neurotransmitter at G protein-linked receptors, due to deficient neurotransmission of any cause, would lead to the loss of this rich downstream chem ...
DISCUSSION 197
... psychedelic activity, the use of subjective-effect measures combined with the administration of pure compounds may alternatively help tease apart the contribution of each of the β-carbolines in the facilitation of DMT absorption per os. The EEG variables provided a quantitative and dose-dependent me ...
... psychedelic activity, the use of subjective-effect measures combined with the administration of pure compounds may alternatively help tease apart the contribution of each of the β-carbolines in the facilitation of DMT absorption per os. The EEG variables provided a quantitative and dose-dependent me ...
Unit I
... a) Summarize the steps in the synthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters. b) Discuss the therapeutic benefit of L-DOPA and AMPT. c) Explain why vesicular packaging is important. d) Describe the effects of reserpine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. e) Explain how autoreceptors inhibit catecholami ...
... a) Summarize the steps in the synthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters. b) Discuss the therapeutic benefit of L-DOPA and AMPT. c) Explain why vesicular packaging is important. d) Describe the effects of reserpine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. e) Explain how autoreceptors inhibit catecholami ...
Pharmacology/Therapeutics I Block II Lectures – 2013‐14
... so their inhibition can lead to acculation of lots of different proteins and nonspecific effect. However, there several clinical trials ongoing. B. Storage into vesicle – in contrast to other neurotransmitters, the neuropeptides are packaged into large “dense core vesicles”. This packaging occurs at ...
... so their inhibition can lead to acculation of lots of different proteins and nonspecific effect. However, there several clinical trials ongoing. B. Storage into vesicle – in contrast to other neurotransmitters, the neuropeptides are packaged into large “dense core vesicles”. This packaging occurs at ...
Soltis Autism: a Spectrum of Research Abby Soltis Final Draft Senior
... was an increase in binding to the low affinity nicotinic receptor, consisting of the 7 subunit in the same autistic brain samples (Lee et al., 2002). This suggests that altered receptor structure, presence of the 7 or 4 subunit, may play a factor in low affinity and high affinity nicotinic recept ...
... was an increase in binding to the low affinity nicotinic receptor, consisting of the 7 subunit in the same autistic brain samples (Lee et al., 2002). This suggests that altered receptor structure, presence of the 7 or 4 subunit, may play a factor in low affinity and high affinity nicotinic recept ...
Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain
... downregulation of CB1 receptors parallel those from a large number of rodents studies15. These studies demonstrated substantial downregulation of CB1 receptors due to loss of CB1 receptor protein after chronic agonist exposure15,20. The regional selectivity of downregulation is strikingly similar be ...
... downregulation of CB1 receptors parallel those from a large number of rodents studies15. These studies demonstrated substantial downregulation of CB1 receptors due to loss of CB1 receptor protein after chronic agonist exposure15,20. The regional selectivity of downregulation is strikingly similar be ...
Role of High-Affinity Receptors and Membrane Transporters in
... important factor in the regulation of extracellular concentration of different transmitters. This review will focus on the role of nonsynaptic receptors and transporters in presynaptic modulation of chemical transmission in the central nervous system. The nonsynaptic interaction between neurons medi ...
... important factor in the regulation of extracellular concentration of different transmitters. This review will focus on the role of nonsynaptic receptors and transporters in presynaptic modulation of chemical transmission in the central nervous system. The nonsynaptic interaction between neurons medi ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.