Membrane-enclosed Crystals in Dictyostelium discoideum Cells
... 1961; Maeda and Takeuchi, 1969), suggesting that the proteins constituting these crystals are encoded by developmentally regulated, early expressed genes. The crystals remain present throughout the stages after aggregation. They are even found in the mature spores and disappear only after their germ ...
... 1961; Maeda and Takeuchi, 1969), suggesting that the proteins constituting these crystals are encoded by developmentally regulated, early expressed genes. The crystals remain present throughout the stages after aggregation. They are even found in the mature spores and disappear only after their germ ...
Ion homeostasis, channels, and transporters: an update on cellular
... gradients which are generated by the Na⫹-K⫹-ATPase acting in its normal (i.e., non-PTX occupied) transporter mode. PTX induces this remarkable functional transformation by overriding the fundamental mechanism that distinguishes pumps and transporters from channels: the stringent maintenance of at le ...
... gradients which are generated by the Na⫹-K⫹-ATPase acting in its normal (i.e., non-PTX occupied) transporter mode. PTX induces this remarkable functional transformation by overriding the fundamental mechanism that distinguishes pumps and transporters from channels: the stringent maintenance of at le ...
Components and Structure
... Among the most sophisticated functions of the plasma membrane is the ability to transmit signals by means of complex, integral proteins known as receptors. These proteins act both as receivers of extracellular inputs and as activators of intracellular processes. These membrane receptors provide extr ...
... Among the most sophisticated functions of the plasma membrane is the ability to transmit signals by means of complex, integral proteins known as receptors. These proteins act both as receivers of extracellular inputs and as activators of intracellular processes. These membrane receptors provide extr ...
Two highly related regulatory subunits of PP2A exert opposite
... Xenopus embryos has opposing effects on Activin/Nodal target gene expression. (A) In situ hybridisation of gastrula-stage embryos injected with either a morpholino control (MoC) or a specific morpholino against Xenopus Bα (MoBα) or Bδ (MoBδ), or with Flag-tagged mouse Bδ mRNA (Bδ) at the one-cell st ...
... Xenopus embryos has opposing effects on Activin/Nodal target gene expression. (A) In situ hybridisation of gastrula-stage embryos injected with either a morpholino control (MoC) or a specific morpholino against Xenopus Bα (MoBα) or Bδ (MoBδ), or with Flag-tagged mouse Bδ mRNA (Bδ) at the one-cell st ...
Proteins
... reaction they catalyze (glutathione transferase (GST) transfers glutathione into the acceptor molecule, whereas glutathione reductase (GR) catalyses reduction of oxidized glutathione into reduced glutathione). The systematic names of enzymes come from the type and the participants of the reaction th ...
... reaction they catalyze (glutathione transferase (GST) transfers glutathione into the acceptor molecule, whereas glutathione reductase (GR) catalyses reduction of oxidized glutathione into reduced glutathione). The systematic names of enzymes come from the type and the participants of the reaction th ...
Protein function from the perspective of molecular interactions and
... experimental methods employed to decipher gene/protein function, the contributions made by new, high-throughput methods in terms of function discovery are discussed. Recent work on functional ontologies and the necessity to describe function within the context of hierarchical levels of complexity ar ...
... experimental methods employed to decipher gene/protein function, the contributions made by new, high-throughput methods in terms of function discovery are discussed. Recent work on functional ontologies and the necessity to describe function within the context of hierarchical levels of complexity ar ...
Hydrodynamic Studies on the Manganese
... ABSTRACT: The solution conformation of the manganese-stabilizing protein of photosystem II was examined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium studies were performed. These experiments yielded values for s020,w of 2.26 S with a diffusion constant, D, ...
... ABSTRACT: The solution conformation of the manganese-stabilizing protein of photosystem II was examined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium studies were performed. These experiments yielded values for s020,w of 2.26 S with a diffusion constant, D, ...
Biological Membranes and Transport
... The entire membrane is in constant motion. The lipids in each leaflet undergo LATERAL DIFFUSION very rapidly. A lipid molecule in one leaflet can easily diffuse within that leaflet, traveling “around” the cell in a short period of time. TRANSVERSE DIFFUSION or “FLIP-FLOP”, the movement of lipids fro ...
... The entire membrane is in constant motion. The lipids in each leaflet undergo LATERAL DIFFUSION very rapidly. A lipid molecule in one leaflet can easily diffuse within that leaflet, traveling “around” the cell in a short period of time. TRANSVERSE DIFFUSION or “FLIP-FLOP”, the movement of lipids fro ...
MALDI Imaging of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin
... been useful for proteomic studies focused on biomarker discovery. Recently, MS-based proteomic analyses of FFPE showed positive results on blocks stored for less than 2 days. However, most samples are stored for more than one year, and thus our objective was to establish a novel strategy using as a ...
... been useful for proteomic studies focused on biomarker discovery. Recently, MS-based proteomic analyses of FFPE showed positive results on blocks stored for less than 2 days. However, most samples are stored for more than one year, and thus our objective was to establish a novel strategy using as a ...
Integrated search and alignment of protein structures
... a feature vector space using the curvature and torsion angles and the amino acid type information, and performs spatial indexing in this feature space. Protdex2 (Aung and Tan, 2004) represents the protein as a set of feature vectors of the contact regions among secondary structure elements (SSE) and ...
... a feature vector space using the curvature and torsion angles and the amino acid type information, and performs spatial indexing in this feature space. Protdex2 (Aung and Tan, 2004) represents the protein as a set of feature vectors of the contact regions among secondary structure elements (SSE) and ...
Proteins Chapter 7
... • The building blocks of proteins are referred to as: (a)amino acids (b) enzymes (c )hormones (d)Antibodies A body function that is not associated with protein is (a) blood clotting (b)cholesterol synthesis (c) formation of antibodies (d) tissue growth and maintenance ...
... • The building blocks of proteins are referred to as: (a)amino acids (b) enzymes (c )hormones (d)Antibodies A body function that is not associated with protein is (a) blood clotting (b)cholesterol synthesis (c) formation of antibodies (d) tissue growth and maintenance ...
05. Amino acids, Protein
... On the basis of structural shape, proteins can be classified into two major types: fibrous proteins and globular proteins. А fibrous protein is а protein that has а long, thin, fibrous shape. Such proteins are made up of long rod-shaped or string-like molecules that can intertwine with one another a ...
... On the basis of structural shape, proteins can be classified into two major types: fibrous proteins and globular proteins. А fibrous protein is а protein that has а long, thin, fibrous shape. Such proteins are made up of long rod-shaped or string-like molecules that can intertwine with one another a ...
Heat shock response in hyperthermophilic microorganisms
... suggesting that pressure left a lasting effect on the conformation of the pressure-affected compounds [14]. Furthermore, the heat-shock protein patterns in ES4 were formed at a higher temperature in cultures that had been subjected to heat shock under pressure. In vitro experimentation has shown tha ...
... suggesting that pressure left a lasting effect on the conformation of the pressure-affected compounds [14]. Furthermore, the heat-shock protein patterns in ES4 were formed at a higher temperature in cultures that had been subjected to heat shock under pressure. In vitro experimentation has shown tha ...
MAPK Review
... c‑Raf by cAMP-activated protein kinase (PKA).88 The N-terminal phosphorylation is reported to reduce the ability of c-Raf to interact with Ras.89 Phosphorylation of serine 621 reduces c-Raf activity by disturbing binding to 14.3.3 protein.90 Increasing cAMP levels in cells of neuroendocrine origin t ...
... c‑Raf by cAMP-activated protein kinase (PKA).88 The N-terminal phosphorylation is reported to reduce the ability of c-Raf to interact with Ras.89 Phosphorylation of serine 621 reduces c-Raf activity by disturbing binding to 14.3.3 protein.90 Increasing cAMP levels in cells of neuroendocrine origin t ...
A Method to Identify Protein Sequences that Fold into a Known
... suggest, however, because different proteins often adopt similar 3D folds (1, 2). As a result, each new protein structure can serve as a model for other protein structures. These structural similarities probably reflect the evolution of the current array of protein structures from a small number of ...
... suggest, however, because different proteins often adopt similar 3D folds (1, 2). As a result, each new protein structure can serve as a model for other protein structures. These structural similarities probably reflect the evolution of the current array of protein structures from a small number of ...
The YidC/Oxa1/Alb3 protein family Saller, Manfred J.
... Biological membranes of living cells form hydrophobic barriers that separate the intracellular space from the extracellular environment and allow the maintenance of distinct cellular compartments. Many essential cellular processes depend on the function of membrane proteins that are anchored to the ...
... Biological membranes of living cells form hydrophobic barriers that separate the intracellular space from the extracellular environment and allow the maintenance of distinct cellular compartments. Many essential cellular processes depend on the function of membrane proteins that are anchored to the ...
Clathrinmediated transport: assembly required
... large subunits (α and β2), a medium subunit (μ2) and a small subunit (σ2). The large subunits can be subdivided into an N-terminal domain, or trunk, and a globular C-terminal region, or appendage, which are connected by an extended flexible linker (Fig 1). AP2 binds to clathrin through specific moti ...
... large subunits (α and β2), a medium subunit (μ2) and a small subunit (σ2). The large subunits can be subdivided into an N-terminal domain, or trunk, and a globular C-terminal region, or appendage, which are connected by an extended flexible linker (Fig 1). AP2 binds to clathrin through specific moti ...
Protein - people.vcu.edu
... It may be, however, that any way the chain may twist, there is no folding that can avoid patches of hydrophobic amino acids from appearing at the surface of the protein. What then? In some cases, further aggregation may occur between separate protein chains, so that in the end, the completely assemb ...
... It may be, however, that any way the chain may twist, there is no folding that can avoid patches of hydrophobic amino acids from appearing at the surface of the protein. What then? In some cases, further aggregation may occur between separate protein chains, so that in the end, the completely assemb ...
Fast Separation of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin
... Recombinant human EPO protein was heated at 60 °C overnight (16 hours) at neutral pH (pH 7.0) and acidic pH (pH 4.0). Due to its nature, rEPO protein will be degraded or form other isoforms when heated at high temperatures such as 60 °C at different pH. At neutral pH, rEPO forms limited isoforms, bu ...
... Recombinant human EPO protein was heated at 60 °C overnight (16 hours) at neutral pH (pH 7.0) and acidic pH (pH 4.0). Due to its nature, rEPO protein will be degraded or form other isoforms when heated at high temperatures such as 60 °C at different pH. At neutral pH, rEPO forms limited isoforms, bu ...
Proteins in Serum and Urine - Ústav lékařské biochemie a
... of cells, reversible cell damage followed by reparation, or metabolic activation of cells participating in the immune response. During the acute phase reaction the involved cells produce many mediators and signaling molecules, which in the liver (and to a lesser extent elsewhere) induce rapid change ...
... of cells, reversible cell damage followed by reparation, or metabolic activation of cells participating in the immune response. During the acute phase reaction the involved cells produce many mediators and signaling molecules, which in the liver (and to a lesser extent elsewhere) induce rapid change ...
- blogs@NTU
... plants confirmed the localization of VPS45 (Supplementary information, Figure S3A-S3C) and corroborate with previous reports describing a SYP41/SYP61/VTI12 SNARE complex [16, 19, 29]. Other SYP4 members such as SYP43 were also found in the SYP61 vesicle proteome, establishing new protein association ...
... plants confirmed the localization of VPS45 (Supplementary information, Figure S3A-S3C) and corroborate with previous reports describing a SYP41/SYP61/VTI12 SNARE complex [16, 19, 29]. Other SYP4 members such as SYP43 were also found in the SYP61 vesicle proteome, establishing new protein association ...
NMR spectroscopy brings invisible protein states into
... binding partners. A combined chemical shift and CPMG RD analysis of the binding of the intrinsically disordered pKID domain of the transcription factor CREB to its partner, the KIX domain of a transcriptional co-activator, showed that this interaction is also more complex than two-state binding (Fig ...
... binding partners. A combined chemical shift and CPMG RD analysis of the binding of the intrinsically disordered pKID domain of the transcription factor CREB to its partner, the KIX domain of a transcriptional co-activator, showed that this interaction is also more complex than two-state binding (Fig ...
subunits of Snf1 kinase are required for kinase function and
... yeast b-subunits are indeed associated with the Snf1 and Snf4 proteins in vivo (Yang et al., 1992, 1994). What is most puzzling, however, are the genetic studies that have shown that gene disruptions of one, two or all three b-subunits have no apparent effect on Snf1 kinase function in vivo (Erickso ...
... yeast b-subunits are indeed associated with the Snf1 and Snf4 proteins in vivo (Yang et al., 1992, 1994). What is most puzzling, however, are the genetic studies that have shown that gene disruptions of one, two or all three b-subunits have no apparent effect on Snf1 kinase function in vivo (Erickso ...
Glycosylation of Proteins - Structure, Function and Analysis
... residues. But, as with proteins, it is how they are structurally put together that provides the key to their ability to have such exquisite functional control. Unlike amino acids which are linked in a linear form via amide bonds, monosaccharides are cyclic structures that can be linked at different ...
... residues. But, as with proteins, it is how they are structurally put together that provides the key to their ability to have such exquisite functional control. Unlike amino acids which are linked in a linear form via amide bonds, monosaccharides are cyclic structures that can be linked at different ...
Targeting cell surface receptors for axon regeneration in the central
... The first promising receptor type we discuss here are integrins. Structurally, an integrin is a heterodimeric transmembrane cell adhesion receptor consisting of an α and β subunit which dimerise to form interactions with neighbouring cells or extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Integrins are bidir ...
... The first promising receptor type we discuss here are integrins. Structurally, an integrin is a heterodimeric transmembrane cell adhesion receptor consisting of an α and β subunit which dimerise to form interactions with neighbouring cells or extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Integrins are bidir ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).