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... The light source for this experiment is a low-power helium-neon laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm. Never look directly at a laser beam nor permit anyone else to do so! Exposure to the direct or reflected beam for more than a few seconds will cause serious eye damage. Do not pick up the lasers and ...
Radially and azimuthally polarized beams generated by space
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... direction of the vector, chosen such that it is perpendicular to the grating stripes. When the period of the grating is smaller than the incident wavelength, only the zeroth order is a propagating order, and such gratings behave as layers of a uniaxial crystal with the optical axes perpendicular and ...
PHYS20312 Wave Optics -‐ Section 1: Electromagnetism
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... A  wavefront  is  a  surface  of  constant  phase  and  its  shape  can  be  determined  from  the  wave   equation  at  a  particular  instant  of  time.  For  example,  the  wavefront  corresponding  to  equation  1.9  is   given ...
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nonlinear optics in photonic structures - Dipartimento SBAI
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Birefringence



Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are said to be birefringent (or birefractive). The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. Crystals with asymmetric crystal structures are often birefringent, as are plastics under mechanical stress.Birefringence is responsible for the phenomenon of double refraction whereby a ray of light, when incident upon a birefringent material, is split by polarization into two rays taking slightly different paths. This effect was first described by the Danish scientist Rasmus Bartholin in 1669, who observed it in calcite, a crystal having one of the strongest birefringences. However it was not until the 19th century that Augustin-Jean Fresnel described the phenomenon in terms of polarization, understanding light as a wave with field components in transverse polarizations (perpendicular to the direction of the wave vector).
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