Institutions and Entrepreneurship in Transition
... China and Russia are characterised by both weak formal property rights and by financial repression. Both factors should imply little use of external finance by entrepreneurs and constraints to entrepreneurship. However China scores much higher on social capital indicators than most of the ex-Soviet ...
... China and Russia are characterised by both weak formal property rights and by financial repression. Both factors should imply little use of external finance by entrepreneurs and constraints to entrepreneurship. However China scores much higher on social capital indicators than most of the ex-Soviet ...
Indicators of Business Investment
... investment activity.3 Strong share prices can make it more attractive for firms to issue new equity for investment, while retained earnings can also be used to directly fund investment. For example, the large increase in mining investment seen in the past few years has been largely funded out of the ...
... investment activity.3 Strong share prices can make it more attractive for firms to issue new equity for investment, while retained earnings can also be used to directly fund investment. For example, the large increase in mining investment seen in the past few years has been largely funded out of the ...
cuba and vietnam: a new analysis of economic reforms
... José Antonio Alonso 1 , focuses attention on the key role that governance and the country’s regulations play in the matrix of conditions that will enable a country to develop and the limitations imposed by the new regulatory structure of the World Trade Organization. It is a review of economic growt ...
... José Antonio Alonso 1 , focuses attention on the key role that governance and the country’s regulations play in the matrix of conditions that will enable a country to develop and the limitations imposed by the new regulatory structure of the World Trade Organization. It is a review of economic growt ...
Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick O`Brien, 2e.
... A. If total output exceeds current sales, inventories build up. When inventory increases, output produced by the economy will be greater than what purchased. We need to calculate unsold output (inventory accumulation) as part of this year’s GDP (add it). B. If businesses are able to sell more than t ...
... A. If total output exceeds current sales, inventories build up. When inventory increases, output produced by the economy will be greater than what purchased. We need to calculate unsold output (inventory accumulation) as part of this year’s GDP (add it). B. If businesses are able to sell more than t ...
Economic Spotlight - Working Smarter: Productivity in Alberta
... construction industry in Alberta. In 2002, the construction industry accounted for only 7.7% of nominal GDP, but by 2013, its share PDF Name: chrt_08_tliopaci.pdf increased to 10.9%. This could have had a negative impact on Alberta’s productivity, as the construction industry tends to have relative ...
... construction industry in Alberta. In 2002, the construction industry accounted for only 7.7% of nominal GDP, but by 2013, its share PDF Name: chrt_08_tliopaci.pdf increased to 10.9%. This could have had a negative impact on Alberta’s productivity, as the construction industry tends to have relative ...
RABE-DISSERTATION-2015 - JScholarship
... from rich to poor countries?” According to standard neoclassical economic models, relatively capital-starved developing countries ought to exhibit relatively higher marginal productivities of capital and therefore attract more investment funds from around the world. However, capital flows from develo ...
... from rich to poor countries?” According to standard neoclassical economic models, relatively capital-starved developing countries ought to exhibit relatively higher marginal productivities of capital and therefore attract more investment funds from around the world. However, capital flows from develo ...
HO_ch19_2e
... The business cycle does not affect all industries in the same way. For example, some trucking firms experienced slow sales during 2006 while airlines were prospering. ...
... The business cycle does not affect all industries in the same way. For example, some trucking firms experienced slow sales during 2006 while airlines were prospering. ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES DISTANCE TO FRONTIER, SELECTION, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
... At the heart of our analysis is the trade-off between investment-based and innovationbased strategies, which is founded on three ingredients: (1) Experienced managers and incumbent firms can undertake larger investments, and everything else equal, achieve greater technological improvements and produ ...
... At the heart of our analysis is the trade-off between investment-based and innovationbased strategies, which is founded on three ingredients: (1) Experienced managers and incumbent firms can undertake larger investments, and everything else equal, achieve greater technological improvements and produ ...
Gross Domestic Product
... growth rate of this number from last year to this year. Step 2: Value last year’s production and this year’s production at this year’s prices and then calculate the growth rate of this number from last year to this year. Step 3: Calculate the average of the two growth rates. This average growth rate ...
... growth rate of this number from last year to this year. Step 2: Value last year’s production and this year’s production at this year’s prices and then calculate the growth rate of this number from last year to this year. Step 3: Calculate the average of the two growth rates. This average growth rate ...
GDP - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... • national income accounting • gross domestic product • intermediate goods • final goods • multiple counting • value added • expenditures approach • income approach • personal consumption expenditures (C) • gross private domestic investment (Ig) • net private domestic investment Copyright 2008 The M ...
... • national income accounting • gross domestic product • intermediate goods • final goods • multiple counting • value added • expenditures approach • income approach • personal consumption expenditures (C) • gross private domestic investment (Ig) • net private domestic investment Copyright 2008 The M ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE TRANSITION ECONOMIES AFTER TEN YEARS Stanley Fischer
... distinction is made between the Aearly reformers@ in the CEE, countries which implemented comprehensive stabilization and structural reform packages early in the transition period, and those which started late, the Alate reformers.@ Late reformers in CEE are Albania, Bulgaria, FYR Macedonia, and Rom ...
... distinction is made between the Aearly reformers@ in the CEE, countries which implemented comprehensive stabilization and structural reform packages early in the transition period, and those which started late, the Alate reformers.@ Late reformers in CEE are Albania, Bulgaria, FYR Macedonia, and Rom ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES SCHUMPETERIAN PROFITS IN THE AMERICAN ECONOMY:
... To a first approximation, it is generally believed, most of the value of new products and processes are eventually passed on to consumers in the form of lower prices of goods and services. But not all, and not immediately. Often, inventors and innovators get at least a slice of the social returns t ...
... To a first approximation, it is generally believed, most of the value of new products and processes are eventually passed on to consumers in the form of lower prices of goods and services. But not all, and not immediately. Often, inventors and innovators get at least a slice of the social returns t ...
Economic Growth and Equity Investing
... Convergence also helps explain why long-run growth rates for a individual country are remarkably constant. To illustrate, Figure 1 plots the log of real per capita GDP in the United States from 1802 through 2008. The long-run average growth rate of 1.8% is also shown. Over this time scale, even the ...
... Convergence also helps explain why long-run growth rates for a individual country are remarkably constant. To illustrate, Figure 1 plots the log of real per capita GDP in the United States from 1802 through 2008. The long-run average growth rate of 1.8% is also shown. Over this time scale, even the ...
Chinese economic reform
The Chinese economic reform (simplified Chinese: 改革开放; traditional Chinese: 改革開放; pinyin: Gǎigé kāifàng; literally: ""Reform & Opening up"") refers to the program of economic reforms called ""Socialism with Chinese characteristics"" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Deng Xiaoping.China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century. In the 18th century, Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest, that is, one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world. The economy stagnated since the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, with a brief recovery in the 1930s.Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages. The first stage, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, involved the decollectivization of agriculture, the opening up of the country to foreign investment, and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses. However, most industry remained state-owned. The second stage of reform, in the late 1980s and 1990s, involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations, although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained. The private sector grew remarkably, accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth occurred, with the economy increasing by 9.5% a year. The conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005, reversing some reforms.The success of China's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society. Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have minimized poverty, while incomes and income inequality have increased, leading to a backlash led by the New Left. In the academic scene, scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese ""dual-track"" economy, and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the East Bloc and the Soviet Union, and the growth of other developing economies.