26_Lecture - Ventura College
... • Acetyl-CoA is the only non–citric acid cycle intermediate that can enter the citric acid cycle by being converted to citrate. ...
... • Acetyl-CoA is the only non–citric acid cycle intermediate that can enter the citric acid cycle by being converted to citrate. ...
Sliding_filament_theory_1
... depolarization of motor end plate. This action potential propagates along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules causing the release of Ca2+ ions from the terminal cisternae into the cytosol. Ca2+ ions then bind to troponin causing a conformational change in the troponintropomyosin complex, which exp ...
... depolarization of motor end plate. This action potential propagates along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules causing the release of Ca2+ ions from the terminal cisternae into the cytosol. Ca2+ ions then bind to troponin causing a conformational change in the troponintropomyosin complex, which exp ...
Metabolic flux analysis of Escherichia coli in glucose
... demand for anabolic purposes at the expense of ATP formation through catabolic activities. Thus, increasing growth rates first result in a more energy-efficient use of the carbon substrate for biomass production, i.e. a lower portion of the carbon substrate is channelled into the respiratory, energy ...
... demand for anabolic purposes at the expense of ATP formation through catabolic activities. Thus, increasing growth rates first result in a more energy-efficient use of the carbon substrate for biomass production, i.e. a lower portion of the carbon substrate is channelled into the respiratory, energy ...
biochem 47 A [3-20
... a. AMP: AMP is produced as [ADP] increases, which activates both phosphorylase b (glycogenolysis) and phosphofructokinase-1 (anaerobic glycolysis, the pyruvate doesn’t enter mitochondria) b. Ca++: allosterically binds & activates calmodulin subunit of phosphorylase b c. Epinephrine: activates adenyl ...
... a. AMP: AMP is produced as [ADP] increases, which activates both phosphorylase b (glycogenolysis) and phosphofructokinase-1 (anaerobic glycolysis, the pyruvate doesn’t enter mitochondria) b. Ca++: allosterically binds & activates calmodulin subunit of phosphorylase b c. Epinephrine: activates adenyl ...
Objectives 12
... 2. Synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) - synthesis of carbohydrate from noncarbohydrate precursors - uses reaction in both mitochondria and cytoplasm - gluconeogenesis occurs largely in liver; kidney makes some contribution during starvation; in kidney glutamine released from muscle is primary gl ...
... 2. Synthesis of glucose (gluconeogenesis) - synthesis of carbohydrate from noncarbohydrate precursors - uses reaction in both mitochondria and cytoplasm - gluconeogenesis occurs largely in liver; kidney makes some contribution during starvation; in kidney glutamine released from muscle is primary gl ...
Practice Exam III
... 35). Which of the enzymes of Glycolysis are irreversible, and which of those enzymes serves as the committed step/flux control? a). Hexokinase, GAP Dehydrogenase, and Pyruvate Kinase; GAP Dehydrogenase is the committed step. b). Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase, and Pyruvate Kinase; Pyruvate Kinase i ...
... 35). Which of the enzymes of Glycolysis are irreversible, and which of those enzymes serves as the committed step/flux control? a). Hexokinase, GAP Dehydrogenase, and Pyruvate Kinase; GAP Dehydrogenase is the committed step. b). Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase, and Pyruvate Kinase; Pyruvate Kinase i ...
Mechanism of Translation
... 4. How are the termination codons different from other codons? A) They contain thymines. B) The termination codon always codes for methionine. C) They are not recognized by any tRNA molecules. D) Their conformations do not allow them to fit properly in the A site of the ribosome. ...
... 4. How are the termination codons different from other codons? A) They contain thymines. B) The termination codon always codes for methionine. C) They are not recognized by any tRNA molecules. D) Their conformations do not allow them to fit properly in the A site of the ribosome. ...
Chapter 8 Introduction to Enzymes and Metabolism
... Although there is a complicated nomenclature (technical naming system) for enzymes, most can be referred to by their common names. Enzyme common names are derived by taking the name of the substrate that the enzyme works on, and adding ‘-ase’ to the end. Examples: a. Cellulases: Enzymes that break d ...
... Although there is a complicated nomenclature (technical naming system) for enzymes, most can be referred to by their common names. Enzyme common names are derived by taking the name of the substrate that the enzyme works on, and adding ‘-ase’ to the end. Examples: a. Cellulases: Enzymes that break d ...
Chapter 24
... Two farnesyl pyrophosphate (C15) units are joined to form squalene (C30) and, in a series of at least 25 steps, squalene is converted to cholesterol (C27). ...
... Two farnesyl pyrophosphate (C15) units are joined to form squalene (C30) and, in a series of at least 25 steps, squalene is converted to cholesterol (C27). ...
free energy
... helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
... helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
Document
... Control of the pentose phosphate pathway • When the need for NADPH exceeds that of R5P in nucleotide biosynthesis, excess R5P is converted to glycolytic intermediates. GAP and F6P are consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation or recycled by gluconeogenesis to form G6P. In the latter ...
... Control of the pentose phosphate pathway • When the need for NADPH exceeds that of R5P in nucleotide biosynthesis, excess R5P is converted to glycolytic intermediates. GAP and F6P are consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation or recycled by gluconeogenesis to form G6P. In the latter ...
2, The Glyoxylate Pathway
... Control of the pentose phosphate pathway • When the need for NADPH exceeds that of R5P in nucleotide biosynthesis, excess R5P is converted to glycolytic intermediates. GAP and F6P are consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation or recycled by gluconeogenesis to form G6P. In the latter ...
... Control of the pentose phosphate pathway • When the need for NADPH exceeds that of R5P in nucleotide biosynthesis, excess R5P is converted to glycolytic intermediates. GAP and F6P are consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation or recycled by gluconeogenesis to form G6P. In the latter ...
sg6
... Electron Transport Chain 12. What are the reactants and products of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation? ...
... Electron Transport Chain 12. What are the reactants and products of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation? ...
pdf file - John Innes Centre
... an excellent model system in which to explore, at the molecular level, the way that effector ligands control the interaction of a PII protein with its target. Deuridylylation of GlnK, as a consequence of ammonium shock, coincides with its membrane sequestration by AmtB (14). The E. coli AmtB-GlnK co ...
... an excellent model system in which to explore, at the molecular level, the way that effector ligands control the interaction of a PII protein with its target. Deuridylylation of GlnK, as a consequence of ammonium shock, coincides with its membrane sequestration by AmtB (14). The E. coli AmtB-GlnK co ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... are oxidized to common metabolite (acetyl CoA) Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tissue respiration chain and released energy is coupled dir ...
... are oxidized to common metabolite (acetyl CoA) Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tissue respiration chain and released energy is coupled dir ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... is from the Greek aer, air, and bios, life). The cells of most eukaryotic and many prokaryotic organisms can carry out aerobic respiration. Some prokaryotes use substances other than oxygen as reactants in a similar process that harvests chemical energy without oxygen; this process is called anaerob ...
... is from the Greek aer, air, and bios, life). The cells of most eukaryotic and many prokaryotic organisms can carry out aerobic respiration. Some prokaryotes use substances other than oxygen as reactants in a similar process that harvests chemical energy without oxygen; this process is called anaerob ...
ATP production in brain and liver mitochondria of Fischer
... complex, which projects onto the protochemically negative matrix side (N-phase) of the membrane, contain three nucleotide binding sites that undergo a multiphase, catalytic cycle to produce ATP (43) from ADP and phosphate (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation). Because ATP is tightly bound to the F1 head ...
... complex, which projects onto the protochemically negative matrix side (N-phase) of the membrane, contain three nucleotide binding sites that undergo a multiphase, catalytic cycle to produce ATP (43) from ADP and phosphate (i.e., oxidative phosphorylation). Because ATP is tightly bound to the F1 head ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... This diagram shows where fermentation would start if there is a lack aerobic conditions. Glycolysis occurs due to it’s ability to create energy anaerobically (with out oxygen) and fermentation would occur at the end of the Glycolytic pathway. There are then two different means in which energy can ...
... This diagram shows where fermentation would start if there is a lack aerobic conditions. Glycolysis occurs due to it’s ability to create energy anaerobically (with out oxygen) and fermentation would occur at the end of the Glycolytic pathway. There are then two different means in which energy can ...
U4L24 Carbo Disposal
... chain, the reduction/dehydration/reduction steps, moving the fatty acid to the right site and finally releasing it as FA-CoA ...
... chain, the reduction/dehydration/reduction steps, moving the fatty acid to the right site and finally releasing it as FA-CoA ...
Preparation for Exam 1
... mannose. Know the signals that tell a cell to synthesize or breakdown glycogen. Know the mechanism of glucagon, insulin in regulating these events. Below are some specifics that cover this overview. Review the 6 tutorials. In chapter 13 know high energy compounds, biological oxidations, coupled reac ...
... mannose. Know the signals that tell a cell to synthesize or breakdown glycogen. Know the mechanism of glucagon, insulin in regulating these events. Below are some specifics that cover this overview. Review the 6 tutorials. In chapter 13 know high energy compounds, biological oxidations, coupled reac ...
9700/04 - StudyGuide.PK
... Fig. 1.2 is a diagram of an electron micrograph of part of a chloroplast showing thylakoid ...
... Fig. 1.2 is a diagram of an electron micrograph of part of a chloroplast showing thylakoid ...
Cellular Respiration G! Cellular Respiration
... product of glycolysis. Glycolysis produces energy, which is stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules. Glycolysis results in a net production of two ATP molecules. 4. Observe: Click Next. What happens now? _______________________________________ 5. Observe: Click Next. What happen ...
... product of glycolysis. Glycolysis produces energy, which is stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules. Glycolysis results in a net production of two ATP molecules. 4. Observe: Click Next. What happens now? _______________________________________ 5. Observe: Click Next. What happen ...
Six Major Classes of Enzymes and Examples of Their Subclasses
... The specificity of an enzyme is determined by the functional groups of the substrate, the functional groups of the enzyme, and the physical proximity of these functional groups. Two theories have been proposed to explain the specificity of enzyme action. • Lock and key theory. The enzyme active site ...
... The specificity of an enzyme is determined by the functional groups of the substrate, the functional groups of the enzyme, and the physical proximity of these functional groups. Two theories have been proposed to explain the specificity of enzyme action. • Lock and key theory. The enzyme active site ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.