Pyruvate dehydrogenase
... pathway occurring in plants and several bacteria, but not animals. . The glyoxylate cycle allows these organisms to use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates, a task which vertebrates, including humans, cannot perform. Isocitrate --> succinate + glyoxylate (O=CH-COO-)+acetyl-CoA--> malate-->> gluc ...
... pathway occurring in plants and several bacteria, but not animals. . The glyoxylate cycle allows these organisms to use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates, a task which vertebrates, including humans, cannot perform. Isocitrate --> succinate + glyoxylate (O=CH-COO-)+acetyl-CoA--> malate-->> gluc ...
23. electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
... Mitochondria (Fig. 23–3) are ovate organelles, about 2 µm in length and 0.5 µm in the diameter. Eugene P. Kennedy and Albert L. Lehninger discovered that mitochondria contain the respiratory assembly, the enzymes of the citric acid cycle and the enzymes of fatty acid oxidation. Electron microscopic ...
... Mitochondria (Fig. 23–3) are ovate organelles, about 2 µm in length and 0.5 µm in the diameter. Eugene P. Kennedy and Albert L. Lehninger discovered that mitochondria contain the respiratory assembly, the enzymes of the citric acid cycle and the enzymes of fatty acid oxidation. Electron microscopic ...
Metabolic Engineering for Fuels and Chemicals
... (Mixed acid, ethanol, lactate, acetate, pyruvate, glutamate, succinate, alanine, citrate) ¾ATP/ADP? ...
... (Mixed acid, ethanol, lactate, acetate, pyruvate, glutamate, succinate, alanine, citrate) ¾ATP/ADP? ...
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM - UNAIR | E
... Glycolisis oxidation of glucose energy It can function either aerobically or anaerobically pyruvate Occurs in the cytosol of all cell AEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS : Pyruvate Mitochondria Asetil CoA Kreb’s Cycle ...
... Glycolisis oxidation of glucose energy It can function either aerobically or anaerobically pyruvate Occurs in the cytosol of all cell AEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS : Pyruvate Mitochondria Asetil CoA Kreb’s Cycle ...
AP Biology Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism Guided Notes
... • __________ ____________ would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the __________ that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
... • __________ ____________ would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the __________ that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
Chap 4 Study Guide
... In the last chapter we learned about the amino acid composition and the structure of proteins. We also studied the process by which proteins are synthesized from information coded in the genes of the chromosomes. Of the body proteins, perhaps the most important group are the enzymes — the subject of ...
... In the last chapter we learned about the amino acid composition and the structure of proteins. We also studied the process by which proteins are synthesized from information coded in the genes of the chromosomes. Of the body proteins, perhaps the most important group are the enzymes — the subject of ...
Table of Contents
... Figure 7.9 The Citric Acid Cycle Releases Much More Free Energy Than Glycolysis Does ...
... Figure 7.9 The Citric Acid Cycle Releases Much More Free Energy Than Glycolysis Does ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e
... 56) When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? A) The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule. B) The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecu ...
... 56) When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? A) The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule. B) The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecu ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
... 56) When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? A) The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule. B) The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecu ...
... 56) When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? A) The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule. B) The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecu ...
檔案下載
... Some fates of glucose •Glycolysis 糖解作用: metabolizes one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate with the concomitant net production of two molecules of ATP. – The process is anaerobic, O2 is not required – Pyruvate is further processed: •Anarobically through fermentation 發酵作用, two molecule ...
... Some fates of glucose •Glycolysis 糖解作用: metabolizes one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate with the concomitant net production of two molecules of ATP. – The process is anaerobic, O2 is not required – Pyruvate is further processed: •Anarobically through fermentation 發酵作用, two molecule ...
Interval Training Interval Training Understand Energy Systems to
... Recovery – light exercise to decrease ATP resynthesis and increase lactic acid removal Work:rest ratio – 1:2 z ...
... Recovery – light exercise to decrease ATP resynthesis and increase lactic acid removal Work:rest ratio – 1:2 z ...
File - Groby Bio Page
... hydrogen carrier molecules Outline the Krebs cycle, in the Krebs cycle including the roles of NAD and FAD, and substrate-level phosphorylation (Grade A-B) ...
... hydrogen carrier molecules Outline the Krebs cycle, in the Krebs cycle including the roles of NAD and FAD, and substrate-level phosphorylation (Grade A-B) ...
The role of the C8 proton of ATP in the catalysis of shikimate kinase
... binding and/or phosphoryl transfer within a range of kinase and synthetase enzymes. The role of the C8-H of ATP in the binding and/or phosphoryl transfer on the enzyme activity of a number of kinase and synthetase enzymes has been elucidated. The intrinsic catalysis rate mediated by each kinase enzy ...
... binding and/or phosphoryl transfer within a range of kinase and synthetase enzymes. The role of the C8-H of ATP in the binding and/or phosphoryl transfer on the enzyme activity of a number of kinase and synthetase enzymes has been elucidated. The intrinsic catalysis rate mediated by each kinase enzy ...
Directed Evolution of ATP Binding Proteins from a Zinc Finger
... domain has been used to select affinity reagents to several protein targets [23, 24]. An alternative method, ribosome display, was used to evolve functional ankyrin repeats that could recognize maltose binding protein [25]. Yeast display has been used to optimize the function of an MHC class II mole ...
... domain has been used to select affinity reagents to several protein targets [23, 24]. An alternative method, ribosome display, was used to evolve functional ankyrin repeats that could recognize maltose binding protein [25]. Yeast display has been used to optimize the function of an MHC class II mole ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... AMP concentration is more sensitive indicator of cell’s energetic state than is [ATP] AMP-activated protein kinase - regulated by [AMP] - A reduced nutrient supply or by increase exercise cause the rise in [AMP] - increase glucose uptake, activates glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation - suppress ener ...
... AMP concentration is more sensitive indicator of cell’s energetic state than is [ATP] AMP-activated protein kinase - regulated by [AMP] - A reduced nutrient supply or by increase exercise cause the rise in [AMP] - increase glucose uptake, activates glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation - suppress ener ...
Chapter 2: Fuel Utilization and Muscle Metabolism During Exercise,
... oxygen captured from the air by the lungs, and they are fed by nutrients and oxygen carried through the bloodstream. It is essential to remember that a full understanding of muscle metabolism begins at the cellular level, but also includes hydration, nutrition, meal timing and maintenance of muscle ...
... oxygen captured from the air by the lungs, and they are fed by nutrients and oxygen carried through the bloodstream. It is essential to remember that a full understanding of muscle metabolism begins at the cellular level, but also includes hydration, nutrition, meal timing and maintenance of muscle ...
medbiochem exam 1, 2000
... B <==> A +5 kcal/mol C <==> A +5 kcal/mol C <==> D -15 kcal/mol A. +10 B. +5 C. -10 D. -15 E. -20 40. In aerobic glycolysis, NADH in the cytoplasm: A. is recycled by lactate dehydrogenase to produce NAD+ for glycolysis. B. reduces dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol phosphate. C. reduces malate t ...
... B <==> A +5 kcal/mol C <==> A +5 kcal/mol C <==> D -15 kcal/mol A. +10 B. +5 C. -10 D. -15 E. -20 40. In aerobic glycolysis, NADH in the cytoplasm: A. is recycled by lactate dehydrogenase to produce NAD+ for glycolysis. B. reduces dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol phosphate. C. reduces malate t ...
glucose
... – A pair of electrons is transferred from the remaining two-carbon fragment to NAD+ to form NADH. – The oxidized fragment, acetate, combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Fig. 9.10 ...
... – A pair of electrons is transferred from the remaining two-carbon fragment to NAD+ to form NADH. – The oxidized fragment, acetate, combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Fig. 9.10 ...
1 PERKINELMER™ LIFE SCIENCES, INC. OLIGONUCLEOTIDE 5
... Note: Tracer must be ordered separately. ...
... Note: Tracer must be ordered separately. ...
Sequential Expression of Macromolecule
... Determinution of RNA andprotein synthesis. Incorporation of [2-l4C]uracil(59 Ci mol-l) into 5 % (w/v) cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitablemacromolecules was done as previously described (Martfn & McDaniel, 19756; Martin & Demain, 1976) except that 0.1 pCi of [WJuracil was added to 0.25 ml of ...
... Determinution of RNA andprotein synthesis. Incorporation of [2-l4C]uracil(59 Ci mol-l) into 5 % (w/v) cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitablemacromolecules was done as previously described (Martfn & McDaniel, 19756; Martin & Demain, 1976) except that 0.1 pCi of [WJuracil was added to 0.25 ml of ...
A re-evaluation of the ATP :NADPH budget
... chloroplastic GS/GOGAT system, is not shown (this process will involve utilization of photosynthetic electrons and ATP and is included in the calculations of Tables 1 and 2). Unless stated otherwise, the calculations of Tables 1 and 2 assume that hydroxypyruvate reduction is NADHdependent and is per ...
... chloroplastic GS/GOGAT system, is not shown (this process will involve utilization of photosynthetic electrons and ATP and is included in the calculations of Tables 1 and 2). Unless stated otherwise, the calculations of Tables 1 and 2 assume that hydroxypyruvate reduction is NADHdependent and is per ...
Metabolism of “surplus” amino acids
... nutrition at 1·35 £ their RMR and either 191 or 366 mg N/kg body weight/day. At the higher protein intake there was the expected increase in protein oxidation and oxygen consumption, and for the first 3 days the patients were in positive N balance. However, by days 5 –6 the patients were back in N e ...
... nutrition at 1·35 £ their RMR and either 191 or 366 mg N/kg body weight/day. At the higher protein intake there was the expected increase in protein oxidation and oxygen consumption, and for the first 3 days the patients were in positive N balance. However, by days 5 –6 the patients were back in N e ...
Quiz 2 Review Sheet
... 4. Explain why when two different substances are placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane they diffuse independent of each other. 5. What is osmosis? 6. Explain the process of osmosis in terms of a U-tube. 7. Compare hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. Why can’t a solution be one ...
... 4. Explain why when two different substances are placed on either side of a semipermeable membrane they diffuse independent of each other. 5. What is osmosis? 6. Explain the process of osmosis in terms of a U-tube. 7. Compare hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. Why can’t a solution be one ...
Krebs Cycle
... are carried into the systemic circulation into adipose tissue where their triglyceride fatty acids are released and stored in the adipocytes and used by muscle cells for ATP production. • VLDLs contain endogenous triglycerides. They are transport vehicles that carry triglycerides synthesized in hepa ...
... are carried into the systemic circulation into adipose tissue where their triglyceride fatty acids are released and stored in the adipocytes and used by muscle cells for ATP production. • VLDLs contain endogenous triglycerides. They are transport vehicles that carry triglycerides synthesized in hepa ...
video slide
... 1. When a pigment absorbs light, one of the molecule’s electrons is elevated to an orbital where it has more potential energy 2. The electron has moved from its ground state to an excited state, which is unstable 3. When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afte ...
... 1. When a pigment absorbs light, one of the molecule’s electrons is elevated to an orbital where it has more potential energy 2. The electron has moved from its ground state to an excited state, which is unstable 3. When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afte ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.