The Anaerobic (Class III) Ribonucleotide Reductase from Lactococcus lactis
... A special aspect of all ribonucleotide reductases concerns the regulation of their substrate specificity (2, 5, 6). Each enzyme, irrespective of class, provides all four dNTPs required for DNA synthesis. The specificity toward the reduction of one or the other substrate is directed by allosteric eff ...
... A special aspect of all ribonucleotide reductases concerns the regulation of their substrate specificity (2, 5, 6). Each enzyme, irrespective of class, provides all four dNTPs required for DNA synthesis. The specificity toward the reduction of one or the other substrate is directed by allosteric eff ...
Peptide microarrays for detailed, high-throughput
... was used for real-time detection of protein kinase A (PKA) for substrate identification and kinetic characterization of PKA (figure 1). Figure 2 shows a time course of peptide phosphorylation over 50 minutes. In this assay the IC50 of three PKA inhibitors, AMP–PNP, staurosporin, and PKA inhibitor pe ...
... was used for real-time detection of protein kinase A (PKA) for substrate identification and kinetic characterization of PKA (figure 1). Figure 2 shows a time course of peptide phosphorylation over 50 minutes. In this assay the IC50 of three PKA inhibitors, AMP–PNP, staurosporin, and PKA inhibitor pe ...
Full text, pdf
... evolutionary advantage, driving the transition from an ATP-dependent protein translocase to an ion-translocating membrane ATPase (see [53] for details). The common ancestor of the F- and V-ATPases, thanks to its rotating scaffold, would then be able to translocate Na+ ions in both directions, depend ...
... evolutionary advantage, driving the transition from an ATP-dependent protein translocase to an ion-translocating membrane ATPase (see [53] for details). The common ancestor of the F- and V-ATPases, thanks to its rotating scaffold, would then be able to translocate Na+ ions in both directions, depend ...
Why study? Genetic disorders of nucleotide metabolsm cause
... Nucleotides are the activated precursers for making DNA and RNA (the genetic material) This makes them prime targets for arresting growth of cells. Activated intermediates in biosynthetic pathways. ATP, CDPglucose, S-adenosyl methionine ATP is used as energy currency Adenine is part of many ...
... Nucleotides are the activated precursers for making DNA and RNA (the genetic material) This makes them prime targets for arresting growth of cells. Activated intermediates in biosynthetic pathways. ATP, CDPglucose, S-adenosyl methionine ATP is used as energy currency Adenine is part of many ...
Quiz 1 Quarter 2 Review Sheet posted 12/5/12
... 7. Compare hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. Why can’t a solution be one of these types if it is the only solution you have? 8. Explain why water always diffuses from hypotonic to hypertonic solution. 9. What does osmoregulation mean and give two examples in nature. Why is it important t ...
... 7. Compare hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. Why can’t a solution be one of these types if it is the only solution you have? 8. Explain why water always diffuses from hypotonic to hypertonic solution. 9. What does osmoregulation mean and give two examples in nature. Why is it important t ...
Quiz 2 Review Sheet - Great Neck Public Schools
... cell? Etc… What cofactor does hemoglobin require to function? Explain why if you do not get enough iron in your diet, you will become anemic (have a reduced ability to carry oxygen in your blood) on the molecular level. 57. When you eat, you are basically eating for monomers to build with (biosynthe ...
... cell? Etc… What cofactor does hemoglobin require to function? Explain why if you do not get enough iron in your diet, you will become anemic (have a reduced ability to carry oxygen in your blood) on the molecular level. 57. When you eat, you are basically eating for monomers to build with (biosynthe ...
lecture2
... sugars if present in the food ingested will also be absorbed. Glucose and galactose are actively transported. Fructose is absorbed more slowly than these two it is by simple diffusion. A carrier transports glucose across membrane into the cytosol, it binds both Na+ and glucose at different sites of ...
... sugars if present in the food ingested will also be absorbed. Glucose and galactose are actively transported. Fructose is absorbed more slowly than these two it is by simple diffusion. A carrier transports glucose across membrane into the cytosol, it binds both Na+ and glucose at different sites of ...
Amino acid catabolism
... Transaminases or aminotransferases require pyridoxal-5’-phophate PLP (vitamine B6 derivative) PLP is very important cofactor for many enzymatic reactions. ...
... Transaminases or aminotransferases require pyridoxal-5’-phophate PLP (vitamine B6 derivative) PLP is very important cofactor for many enzymatic reactions. ...
Bacterial Metabolism
... (acetyl ~ SCoA) or succinyl ~ SCoA. ADP and ATP represent adenosine monophosphate (AMP) plus one and two high-energy phosphates (AMP ~ P and AMP ~ P~ P, respectively); the energy is stored in these compounds as high-energy phosphate bonds. In the presence of proper enzyme systems, these compounds ca ...
... (acetyl ~ SCoA) or succinyl ~ SCoA. ADP and ATP represent adenosine monophosphate (AMP) plus one and two high-energy phosphates (AMP ~ P and AMP ~ P~ P, respectively); the energy is stored in these compounds as high-energy phosphate bonds. In the presence of proper enzyme systems, these compounds ca ...
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism
... are able to reach steady-state rates of photosynthesis after only a short delay while the intermediates rise to the appropriate levels. After this, the excess triose phosphate is available for conversion into the two major end products of photosynthesis. One pathway leads to the accumulation during ...
... are able to reach steady-state rates of photosynthesis after only a short delay while the intermediates rise to the appropriate levels. After this, the excess triose phosphate is available for conversion into the two major end products of photosynthesis. One pathway leads to the accumulation during ...
CHAPTER 23
... (1) In the first step of the CAC, a C2 molecule and a C4 molecule combine to produce a C6 molecule. (2) ATP, ADP, and AMP differ from each other in the number of adenine subunits present. (3) The process by which ATP is produced during the operation of the ETC is called oxidative phosphorylation. a) ...
... (1) In the first step of the CAC, a C2 molecule and a C4 molecule combine to produce a C6 molecule. (2) ATP, ADP, and AMP differ from each other in the number of adenine subunits present. (3) The process by which ATP is produced during the operation of the ETC is called oxidative phosphorylation. a) ...
End-products, Fermentation Balances and Molar
... rnol lactate and that acetate was produced only with the simultaneous production of 2 net mol ATP/mol acetate, one during the formation of pyruvate by the EMP pathway and one during the conversion of pyruvate to acetate. Buyze, van den Hamer & de Haan (1957) found enzymes of the pentose cycle absent ...
... rnol lactate and that acetate was produced only with the simultaneous production of 2 net mol ATP/mol acetate, one during the formation of pyruvate by the EMP pathway and one during the conversion of pyruvate to acetate. Buyze, van den Hamer & de Haan (1957) found enzymes of the pentose cycle absent ...
Anatomy and Physiology
... even a spent energy molecule like Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) The enzyme adenylate kinase is used to transfer a phosphate from ADP to another ADP to create a new high energy bond or a recharged ATP ...
... even a spent energy molecule like Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) The enzyme adenylate kinase is used to transfer a phosphate from ADP to another ADP to create a new high energy bond or a recharged ATP ...
Lecture 33 - Carbohydrate Metabolism 1
... tripeptide that has a free sulfhydryl group which functions as an electron donor in a variety of coupled redox reactions in the cell. ...
... tripeptide that has a free sulfhydryl group which functions as an electron donor in a variety of coupled redox reactions in the cell. ...
An Introduction to Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism
... ave you ever taken aspirin or ibuprofen to relieve a headache or reduce a fever? Do you know how it works? If you answered “no” to the second question, you’re not alone. Over 2,000 years ago, humans began treating pain with powder from the bark and leaves of the willow tree, which contains a compoun ...
... ave you ever taken aspirin or ibuprofen to relieve a headache or reduce a fever? Do you know how it works? If you answered “no” to the second question, you’re not alone. Over 2,000 years ago, humans began treating pain with powder from the bark and leaves of the willow tree, which contains a compoun ...
PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM
... Function: To make pyrimidine nucleotides (U, T, C) for DNA and RNA synthesis. Location: Cytoplasm of most cells. Connections: To amino acid metabolism by the requirement for glutamine and aspartate. Regulation: UTP inhibits synthesis of carbamoylphosphate. ...
... Function: To make pyrimidine nucleotides (U, T, C) for DNA and RNA synthesis. Location: Cytoplasm of most cells. Connections: To amino acid metabolism by the requirement for glutamine and aspartate. Regulation: UTP inhibits synthesis of carbamoylphosphate. ...
video slide - Green River Community College
... flies if he restricts there movement and hence the amount of oxygen they consume. – Gene therapy can be used to increase longevity by introducing genes that encode the enzymes the SOD (superoxide dismutase) and ...
... flies if he restricts there movement and hence the amount of oxygen they consume. – Gene therapy can be used to increase longevity by introducing genes that encode the enzymes the SOD (superoxide dismutase) and ...
enzymology
... need encountered by the cell. The enzymes that perform the routine general functions are not regulated by this method. This type of control in cells is exercised at the gene level. If the gene for that enzyme is activated then enzyme synthesis takes place and the process is called enzyme induction. ...
... need encountered by the cell. The enzymes that perform the routine general functions are not regulated by this method. This type of control in cells is exercised at the gene level. If the gene for that enzyme is activated then enzyme synthesis takes place and the process is called enzyme induction. ...
Summary of Chapter 24
... 5. Hydrolysis of Arg to urea and ornitine by arginase Arg + H2O → Urea + Ornitine • Overall reaction uses 4 “high energy” phosphate bond hydrolysis. CO2 + NH3 + Asp + 2H2O + 3ATP → Urea + Fumarate + 2ADP + AMP + 2Pi + PPi (→ 2Pi) • Oxidation of urea cycle produces 2NADH (= 6ATP). • Krebs bicycle: Ur ...
... 5. Hydrolysis of Arg to urea and ornitine by arginase Arg + H2O → Urea + Ornitine • Overall reaction uses 4 “high energy” phosphate bond hydrolysis. CO2 + NH3 + Asp + 2H2O + 3ATP → Urea + Fumarate + 2ADP + AMP + 2Pi + PPi (→ 2Pi) • Oxidation of urea cycle produces 2NADH (= 6ATP). • Krebs bicycle: Ur ...
Magnesium: Mineral Link to Energy
... of this cycle. In the mitochondrial membrane creates a proton gradient. The energy generated by this proton gradient is sufficient to drive ATP synthesis. The enzyme complex ATPase, which uses the energy from the electron transport chain to synthesize ATP, requires magnesium in order to function. 2, ...
... of this cycle. In the mitochondrial membrane creates a proton gradient. The energy generated by this proton gradient is sufficient to drive ATP synthesis. The enzyme complex ATPase, which uses the energy from the electron transport chain to synthesize ATP, requires magnesium in order to function. 2, ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose
... 2. The Payoff Phase of Glycolysis in Skeletal Muscle In working skeletal muscle under anaerobic conditions, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate (the payoff phase of glycolysis), and the pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Write balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in this ...
... 2. The Payoff Phase of Glycolysis in Skeletal Muscle In working skeletal muscle under anaerobic conditions, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to pyruvate (the payoff phase of glycolysis), and the pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Write balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in this ...
Nitrogen Metabolism Overview
... – No need for glutamate synthase – Glutamine synthetase used for different purpose: to “mop up” ammonia ...
... – No need for glutamate synthase – Glutamine synthetase used for different purpose: to “mop up” ammonia ...
Citric acid cycle - Imperial College London
... converted into acetyl-CoA by decarboxylation and enters the citric acid cycle. In protein catabolism, proteins are broken down by proteases into their constituent amino acids. The carbon backbone of these amino acids can become a source of energy by being converted to acetyl-CoA and entering into th ...
... converted into acetyl-CoA by decarboxylation and enters the citric acid cycle. In protein catabolism, proteins are broken down by proteases into their constituent amino acids. The carbon backbone of these amino acids can become a source of energy by being converted to acetyl-CoA and entering into th ...
Time course of differential mitochondrial energy metabolism
... right ventricle (RV) due to pulmonary hypertension that requires additional energy to overcome this increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. In the heart, mitochondria provide, through oxidative phosphorylation, more than 95% of the energy supply in the form of ATP. In the course of oxidative phos ...
... right ventricle (RV) due to pulmonary hypertension that requires additional energy to overcome this increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. In the heart, mitochondria provide, through oxidative phosphorylation, more than 95% of the energy supply in the form of ATP. In the course of oxidative phos ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.