6-Respiratory_chain
... Redox reactions, like other reactions, proceed spontaneously if their free energy is negative (ΔG < 0) ...
... Redox reactions, like other reactions, proceed spontaneously if their free energy is negative (ΔG < 0) ...
Enzymes
... When the binding between the apoenzyme and non-protein components is non-covalent, the small organic molecule is called a coenzyme. ...
... When the binding between the apoenzyme and non-protein components is non-covalent, the small organic molecule is called a coenzyme. ...
Amino Acid Catabolism
... seps are identical to those of valine degradation (Figure 18-11). The third step is the same as the first step of fatty acid oxidation. The fourth step involves an ATPdependent carboxylation, the fifth step is a hydration, and the last step is a cleavage reaction to give products. Draw the intermedi ...
... seps are identical to those of valine degradation (Figure 18-11). The third step is the same as the first step of fatty acid oxidation. The fourth step involves an ATPdependent carboxylation, the fifth step is a hydration, and the last step is a cleavage reaction to give products. Draw the intermedi ...
ATP Pool and Growth Yield in Selenomonas
... with other bacteria (Payne, 1970; de Vries, Kapteijn, Van der Beek & Stouthamer, 1970). These high growth yields might be explained in two ways. The value of YATP may not be a universal constant of 10,but may vary with bacterial species. This may be because of varying efficiencies of coupling of ene ...
... with other bacteria (Payne, 1970; de Vries, Kapteijn, Van der Beek & Stouthamer, 1970). These high growth yields might be explained in two ways. The value of YATP may not be a universal constant of 10,but may vary with bacterial species. This may be because of varying efficiencies of coupling of ene ...
Product Data Sheet
... Mitochondria are the cellular components responsible for generating the energy required to sustain life. Energy is produced from the flow of free electrons through the electron transport chain produced by oxidative phosphorylation. Because mitochondria serve as the powerhouse of the cell, their prop ...
... Mitochondria are the cellular components responsible for generating the energy required to sustain life. Energy is produced from the flow of free electrons through the electron transport chain produced by oxidative phosphorylation. Because mitochondria serve as the powerhouse of the cell, their prop ...
Even is better than odd: one fat may conceal another - AJP
... their uptake through sarcolemmal and mitochondrial membranes, bypassing the rate-limiting membrane transporting system CPT1 (Fig. 1). Consequently, MCFAs are promptly taken up by mitochondria, where they are easily and preferentially oxidized, the rate of their oxidation being exclusively determined ...
... their uptake through sarcolemmal and mitochondrial membranes, bypassing the rate-limiting membrane transporting system CPT1 (Fig. 1). Consequently, MCFAs are promptly taken up by mitochondria, where they are easily and preferentially oxidized, the rate of their oxidation being exclusively determined ...
Escherichia coli ATP Synthase
... The analysis of charged catalytic sites residues involved in Pi binding has also helped answer the primary question of how the enzyme binds ADP and Pi rather than ATP at the catalytic sites? This is an often overlooked but crucial question in the mechanism of ATP synthesis. In active cells, the cyto ...
... The analysis of charged catalytic sites residues involved in Pi binding has also helped answer the primary question of how the enzyme binds ADP and Pi rather than ATP at the catalytic sites? This is an often overlooked but crucial question in the mechanism of ATP synthesis. In active cells, the cyto ...
The Cardiovascular System and Exercise
... substantial energy reservoir. Fat is less accessible for cellular metabolism as it must first be reduced from its complex form, triglyceride, to the simpler components of glycerol and free fatty acids. So although fat acts as a vast stockpile of fuel, energy release is too slow for very intense acti ...
... substantial energy reservoir. Fat is less accessible for cellular metabolism as it must first be reduced from its complex form, triglyceride, to the simpler components of glycerol and free fatty acids. So although fat acts as a vast stockpile of fuel, energy release is too slow for very intense acti ...
(,umoles/g. fresh wt./min. at 250)
... activity play a key role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, and account in particular for the fact that gluconeogenesis ceases when the stores of carbohydrate in the liver, muscle and other tissues are 'full' to capacity, and when any surplus of carbohydrate is either oxidized to completion or co ...
... activity play a key role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis, and account in particular for the fact that gluconeogenesis ceases when the stores of carbohydrate in the liver, muscle and other tissues are 'full' to capacity, and when any surplus of carbohydrate is either oxidized to completion or co ...
Lecture 27
... Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I is allosterically activated by N-acetylglutamate. N-acetylglutamate is synthesized from glutamate and acetylCoA by N-acetylglutamate synthase, it is hydrolyzed by a specific hydrolase. Rate of urea production is dependent on [N-acetylglutamate]. When aa breakdown rat ...
... Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I is allosterically activated by N-acetylglutamate. N-acetylglutamate is synthesized from glutamate and acetylCoA by N-acetylglutamate synthase, it is hydrolyzed by a specific hydrolase. Rate of urea production is dependent on [N-acetylglutamate]. When aa breakdown rat ...
Slide 1
... actual sites of muscle contraction). • Theoretically, high levels of PCr should also lessen the reliance on anaerobic glycolysis. Remember that H+ ions are produced during glycolysis which are buffered by pyruvate which reduces to lactate. • The rate controlling step of glycolysis is catalyzed by an ...
... actual sites of muscle contraction). • Theoretically, high levels of PCr should also lessen the reliance on anaerobic glycolysis. Remember that H+ ions are produced during glycolysis which are buffered by pyruvate which reduces to lactate. • The rate controlling step of glycolysis is catalyzed by an ...
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
... characterized the mitochondrial permeability transition in beef heart mitochondria. In 1987, Martin Crompton et al. implied that the pore is a unique molecular entity that allows the passage of any molecule of <1500daltons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ...
... characterized the mitochondrial permeability transition in beef heart mitochondria. In 1987, Martin Crompton et al. implied that the pore is a unique molecular entity that allows the passage of any molecule of <1500daltons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ...
Lecture 33
... • The most important function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to reduce two molecules of NADP+ to NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) for each glucose-6-phosphate that is oxidatively decarboxylated to ribulose-5-phosphate. • NADPH is functionally similar to NAD+ however, NADPH is ...
... • The most important function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to reduce two molecules of NADP+ to NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) for each glucose-6-phosphate that is oxidatively decarboxylated to ribulose-5-phosphate. • NADPH is functionally similar to NAD+ however, NADPH is ...
PowerPoint Show - Science Prof Online
... bacteria, and muscle cells that run out of O2, can make ATP by using something other than oxygen as an electron acceptor (nitrate, sulfate & carbon dioxide). ...
... bacteria, and muscle cells that run out of O2, can make ATP by using something other than oxygen as an electron acceptor (nitrate, sulfate & carbon dioxide). ...
Metabolism & Enzymes
... Different enzymes function in different organisms in different environments ...
... Different enzymes function in different organisms in different environments ...
![JVB112 gluconeogenesis[1]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/000939420_1-ae0fa12f0b4eac306770097ba9ecae40-300x300.png)
JVB112 gluconeogenesis[1]
... glycerol and glucogenic amino acids -Under normal circumstances, the liver is responsible for 85%95% of the glucose that is made **during starvation or metabolic acidosis, the kidney is capable of making glucose and may contribute up to 50% of the glucose formed ** the only other tissue capable of g ...
... glycerol and glucogenic amino acids -Under normal circumstances, the liver is responsible for 85%95% of the glucose that is made **during starvation or metabolic acidosis, the kidney is capable of making glucose and may contribute up to 50% of the glucose formed ** the only other tissue capable of g ...
![JVB112 gluconeogenesis[1]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005255251_1-e457e3f80be2f5d8ecf577d50c416034-300x300.png)
JVB112 gluconeogenesis[1]
... glycerol and glucogenic amino acids -Under normal circumstances, the liver is responsible for 85%95% of the glucose that is made **during starvation or metabolic acidosis, the kidney is capable of making glucose and may contribute up to 50% of the glucose formed ** the only other tissue capable of g ...
... glycerol and glucogenic amino acids -Under normal circumstances, the liver is responsible for 85%95% of the glucose that is made **during starvation or metabolic acidosis, the kidney is capable of making glucose and may contribute up to 50% of the glucose formed ** the only other tissue capable of g ...
SMU-DDE-Assignments-Scheme of Evaluation PROGRAM Bachelor
... hydrogen donor. Acetoacetate can also spontaneously decarboxylate in the blood to form acetone- a volatile, biologically non-metabolized compound that can be released in the breath. The equilibrium between acetoacetate and 3hydroxybutyrate is determined by the NAD+/NADH ratio. Because this ratio is ...
... hydrogen donor. Acetoacetate can also spontaneously decarboxylate in the blood to form acetone- a volatile, biologically non-metabolized compound that can be released in the breath. The equilibrium between acetoacetate and 3hydroxybutyrate is determined by the NAD+/NADH ratio. Because this ratio is ...
enzyme - Cobb Learning
... • Metabolism- the total of all chemical reactions done in an organism to store or release energy. (the number of molecules built vs. the amount of molecules broken down) ex. Digestion or building muscle. • A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product and is carried out ...
... • Metabolism- the total of all chemical reactions done in an organism to store or release energy. (the number of molecules built vs. the amount of molecules broken down) ex. Digestion or building muscle. • A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product and is carried out ...
Overview of metabolism
... It also occurs during intense exercise. These non-carbohydrate precursors include lactate, pyruvate, propionate, glycerol (from diet and lipolysis) and glucogenic amino acids. Site: Mitochondria and cytosol of Liver and kidney are almost the only organs able to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydra ...
... It also occurs during intense exercise. These non-carbohydrate precursors include lactate, pyruvate, propionate, glycerol (from diet and lipolysis) and glucogenic amino acids. Site: Mitochondria and cytosol of Liver and kidney are almost the only organs able to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydra ...
PURINE & PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM
... purine synthesis. IMP is synthesized and could make AMP or GMP. It happens in almost most cells’ cytosol except human brain,polymorphonuclear leukocytes and ...
... purine synthesis. IMP is synthesized and could make AMP or GMP. It happens in almost most cells’ cytosol except human brain,polymorphonuclear leukocytes and ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.