Electron transport chain-2
... diffuse away from the QP binding site. The bL heme is near the P-face. The bL heme transfers its electron to the bH heme which is near the N-face. This electron is then transferred to second molecule of CoQ bound at a second CoQ binding site which is near the N-face and is called the QN binding site ...
... diffuse away from the QP binding site. The bL heme is near the P-face. The bL heme transfers its electron to the bH heme which is near the N-face. This electron is then transferred to second molecule of CoQ bound at a second CoQ binding site which is near the N-face and is called the QN binding site ...
farah el nazer corrected by dana al sharif
... Anaplerotic reactions: They are reactions that replenish the intermediates of the TCA cycle. (Reactions that compensate the intermediates that are taken away). All the compounds in the citric acid cycle are intermediates, every compound is a product of a reaction and also it’s a substrate for the se ...
... Anaplerotic reactions: They are reactions that replenish the intermediates of the TCA cycle. (Reactions that compensate the intermediates that are taken away). All the compounds in the citric acid cycle are intermediates, every compound is a product of a reaction and also it’s a substrate for the se ...
Chapter 9
... Is a multienzyme complex E1: a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase E2: dihydrolipoyl transsuccinylase E3: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ...
... Is a multienzyme complex E1: a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase E2: dihydrolipoyl transsuccinylase E3: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ...
Enzymes: Regulation 1
... Activities of manyy key y enzymes y are regulated g in cells,, based on metabolic needs/conditions in vivo. Regulation of enzyme activity can increase or decrease substrate binding affinity and/or kcat. 5 ways to regulate protein activity (including enzyme activity): 1. allosteric control 2. multipl ...
... Activities of manyy key y enzymes y are regulated g in cells,, based on metabolic needs/conditions in vivo. Regulation of enzyme activity can increase or decrease substrate binding affinity and/or kcat. 5 ways to regulate protein activity (including enzyme activity): 1. allosteric control 2. multipl ...
Document
... come from light, NADH, hydrogen gas, or pyruvate. The primary e- donor for the nitrogenase system is reduced ferredoxin. Reduced ferredoxin passes electrons directly to nitrogenase reductase. A total of six electrons is required to reduce N2 to 2 NH4+, and another two electrons are consumed in the o ...
... come from light, NADH, hydrogen gas, or pyruvate. The primary e- donor for the nitrogenase system is reduced ferredoxin. Reduced ferredoxin passes electrons directly to nitrogenase reductase. A total of six electrons is required to reduce N2 to 2 NH4+, and another two electrons are consumed in the o ...
citric acid cycle
... Stage 3: Electrons derived from the oxidations of stages 1 and 2 are passed to O2 via the mitochondrial respiratory chain, providing the energy for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation. ...
... Stage 3: Electrons derived from the oxidations of stages 1 and 2 are passed to O2 via the mitochondrial respiratory chain, providing the energy for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation. ...
Module 6 – Microbial Metabolism
... Oxidation – is removal of electron from an atom or molecule, a reaction that often produces energy. Reduction – is addition of one or more electrons to an atom or molecule. Oxidation and reductions reactions are always coupled. The pairing of these reactions is called oxidation-reduction or redox re ...
... Oxidation – is removal of electron from an atom or molecule, a reaction that often produces energy. Reduction – is addition of one or more electrons to an atom or molecule. Oxidation and reductions reactions are always coupled. The pairing of these reactions is called oxidation-reduction or redox re ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvate + NADH → Lactic Acid + NAD Strenuous exercise = can’t get all the O2 your cells need so use lactic acid fermentation = Sore muscles!!! ...
... Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvate + NADH → Lactic Acid + NAD Strenuous exercise = can’t get all the O2 your cells need so use lactic acid fermentation = Sore muscles!!! ...
Prezentace aplikace PowerPoint
... • Receptors for thyroid hormones are nuclear and its affinity is tentimes higher for T3 than T4 • The amount of nuclear receptors is very low • Four variants of nuclear receptor were observed and mitochondrial receptor for T3 was also described • Free thyroid hormone receptor (TR) without bound horm ...
... • Receptors for thyroid hormones are nuclear and its affinity is tentimes higher for T3 than T4 • The amount of nuclear receptors is very low • Four variants of nuclear receptor were observed and mitochondrial receptor for T3 was also described • Free thyroid hormone receptor (TR) without bound horm ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... and Pi is +30.5 kJ/mole. If we couple these two reactions together than the standard free energy change is -3.3 kJ/mole. This enzyme catalyzes a substrate level phosphorylation to generate the only NTP produced directly in the citric acid cycle. The GTP produced is converted into ATP by the enzymati ...
... and Pi is +30.5 kJ/mole. If we couple these two reactions together than the standard free energy change is -3.3 kJ/mole. This enzyme catalyzes a substrate level phosphorylation to generate the only NTP produced directly in the citric acid cycle. The GTP produced is converted into ATP by the enzymati ...
energy and enzymes - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... primary producers. A primary consumer is a plant-eating animal, or herbivore (L. herba, grass vorare, to devour), that obtains organic molecules by eating producers or their products. Primary consumers use the energy in organic molecules to carry out all of their cellular activities, including the ...
... primary producers. A primary consumer is a plant-eating animal, or herbivore (L. herba, grass vorare, to devour), that obtains organic molecules by eating producers or their products. Primary consumers use the energy in organic molecules to carry out all of their cellular activities, including the ...
Mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP synthase translocates to cell surface in
... membrane of mitochondria. However, more and more evidence hints at the existence of F1Fo-ATP synthase on the outside of the plasma membrane of tumor cells and some types of normal cells, such as endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes [2]. Ectopic ATP synthase always localizes on the lipid ra ...
... membrane of mitochondria. However, more and more evidence hints at the existence of F1Fo-ATP synthase on the outside of the plasma membrane of tumor cells and some types of normal cells, such as endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes [2]. Ectopic ATP synthase always localizes on the lipid ra ...
cardiac muscle
... - 3 mol. ATP utk oksidasi 1 mol. NADH - 2 mol. ATP utk oksidasi 1 mol. FADH2 Laju fosforilasi oksidatif dikendalikan oleh; NADH, oksigen, ADP ...
... - 3 mol. ATP utk oksidasi 1 mol. NADH - 2 mol. ATP utk oksidasi 1 mol. FADH2 Laju fosforilasi oksidatif dikendalikan oleh; NADH, oksigen, ADP ...
File
... dioxide and water? What reaction is needed to join two of these pathways? What are the substrates and products of this reaction and where does it take place? The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water occurs through three pathways: Glycolysis, Electron Transport Chain, and the Citric Acid ...
... dioxide and water? What reaction is needed to join two of these pathways? What are the substrates and products of this reaction and where does it take place? The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water occurs through three pathways: Glycolysis, Electron Transport Chain, and the Citric Acid ...
Carbon and energy distribution through propagation and fermentation
... TECHNOLOGIES – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ...
... TECHNOLOGIES – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ...
Chapter 3: Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis
... ΔG° indicates the change in the standard free energy as a reactant is converted to product. Given what you know about these values, which reaction below is the most favorable? (a) ADP + Pi → ATP ΔG° = +7.3 kcal/mole (b) glucose 1-phosphate → glucose 6-phosphate ΔG° = –1.7 kcal/mole (c) glucose + fru ...
... ΔG° indicates the change in the standard free energy as a reactant is converted to product. Given what you know about these values, which reaction below is the most favorable? (a) ADP + Pi → ATP ΔG° = +7.3 kcal/mole (b) glucose 1-phosphate → glucose 6-phosphate ΔG° = –1.7 kcal/mole (c) glucose + fru ...
Essential Biology Topic 3 File
... 29. In the space below, draw and label a diagram explaining the process of DNA replication. Pay attention to the requirements of your assessment level. ...
... 29. In the space below, draw and label a diagram explaining the process of DNA replication. Pay attention to the requirements of your assessment level. ...
Regulation of fatty acid oxidation in cells
... Role of hepatic ketogenesis Hepatic ketogenesis increases during fasting. Some ketone bodies are also made from acetyl-CoA derived from the catabolism of some amino acids and pyruvate oxidation, representing perhaps 10-18% of the amount made from fatty acids [14]. T h e oxidation of one molecule of ...
... Role of hepatic ketogenesis Hepatic ketogenesis increases during fasting. Some ketone bodies are also made from acetyl-CoA derived from the catabolism of some amino acids and pyruvate oxidation, representing perhaps 10-18% of the amount made from fatty acids [14]. T h e oxidation of one molecule of ...
Slide 1
... FIGURE 2.7 Effects of excess FFA in muscle cells. Molecular steps that lead from increased circulating FFA to insulin resistance (top left) exist together with opposing influences exerted by exercise or the antidiabetic drug metformin (top left and top right). Excess FFA entering the cell is activa ...
... FIGURE 2.7 Effects of excess FFA in muscle cells. Molecular steps that lead from increased circulating FFA to insulin resistance (top left) exist together with opposing influences exerted by exercise or the antidiabetic drug metformin (top left and top right). Excess FFA entering the cell is activa ...
bch222 tutorial kit - Covenant University
... algae. They make their own food from inorganic substances. They are called producers because they produce chemical energy for the entire ecosystem. They convert inorganic substances and light into organic substances containing chemical energy i.e food. Heterotrophs are known as consumers, they get t ...
... algae. They make their own food from inorganic substances. They are called producers because they produce chemical energy for the entire ecosystem. They convert inorganic substances and light into organic substances containing chemical energy i.e food. Heterotrophs are known as consumers, they get t ...
Oxygen - CriticalCareMedicine
... The energy thus released is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. The protons then follow their gradient through the F0F1ATPase that catalyzes the formation of ATP. Oxygen’s only job is to act as the final electron acceptor in the respiratory transport ...
... The energy thus released is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. The protons then follow their gradient through the F0F1ATPase that catalyzes the formation of ATP. Oxygen’s only job is to act as the final electron acceptor in the respiratory transport ...
Evolution of the citric acid cycle and respiratory
... short answer is: (a) a connecting link between the linear pathways noted, (b) availability of a suitable electron acceptor--namely, O 2 - - f o r the reducing equivalents generated by oxidative cycle reactions, (c) regearing of catalysts to operate in the oxidative direction only, and (d) further el ...
... short answer is: (a) a connecting link between the linear pathways noted, (b) availability of a suitable electron acceptor--namely, O 2 - - f o r the reducing equivalents generated by oxidative cycle reactions, (c) regearing of catalysts to operate in the oxidative direction only, and (d) further el ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.