The ADP-dependent sugar kinase family
... eight a-helices, three on one side and five on the other which constitutes a single domain (the large domain). This superfamily was first proposed based only on sequence data including ATPdependent kinases of adenosine, fructose, tagatose-6-P, fructose6-P, and fructose-1-P among others, besides ribo ...
... eight a-helices, three on one side and five on the other which constitutes a single domain (the large domain). This superfamily was first proposed based only on sequence data including ATPdependent kinases of adenosine, fructose, tagatose-6-P, fructose6-P, and fructose-1-P among others, besides ribo ...
Purine metabolism - mustafaaltinisik.org.uk
... Nucleotides play key roles in many, many cellular processes 1. Activated precursors of RNA and DNA ...
... Nucleotides play key roles in many, many cellular processes 1. Activated precursors of RNA and DNA ...
Slide 1
... UDP-Glc synthases in protists, animals, and fungi. ADP-Glc synthase in plants. Primer of 4 to 8 Glc on a Tyr (-OH) of glycogenin. 1st Glc from UDP-Glc via Glc transferase. Remaining Glc’s tranferred by glycogenin. Amylo-(1,4 1,6)-transglycolase catalyzes the branch point. (Alpha 1-6 link) ...
... UDP-Glc synthases in protists, animals, and fungi. ADP-Glc synthase in plants. Primer of 4 to 8 Glc on a Tyr (-OH) of glycogenin. 1st Glc from UDP-Glc via Glc transferase. Remaining Glc’s tranferred by glycogenin. Amylo-(1,4 1,6)-transglycolase catalyzes the branch point. (Alpha 1-6 link) ...
... of the product and indicate any other substrates and/or products (e.g. ATP) that are involved in this CH2OPO3 reaction. OR ii) Most of the key energy generating steps in the TCA cycle generate energy with an identical O biochemical mechanism. The substrate for one of these reactions, Pyruvate, is sh ...
Lecture 36
... oxidation which links fatty acyl-CoA molecules to the hydroxyl group of carnitine. The activity of carnitine acyltransferase I is inhibited by malonyl-CoA, the product of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase reaction, which signals that glucose levels are high and fatty acid synthesis is favored. Acetyl CoA c ...
... oxidation which links fatty acyl-CoA molecules to the hydroxyl group of carnitine. The activity of carnitine acyltransferase I is inhibited by malonyl-CoA, the product of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase reaction, which signals that glucose levels are high and fatty acid synthesis is favored. Acetyl CoA c ...
Grade 9 Chemistry – Unit Plan - HSBIOLOGY-PHYSICS-2010
... Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain Endosymbiosis hypothesis The Krebs Cycle (ADP in/ATP out, NAD in/NADH out, FAD in/FADH2 out, CO2 out Energy Inventory Pyruvate Oxidation Discussion of Redox reactions and review protein channels Electron Transport Chain Energy Inventory Chemiosmosis ...
... Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain Endosymbiosis hypothesis The Krebs Cycle (ADP in/ATP out, NAD in/NADH out, FAD in/FADH2 out, CO2 out Energy Inventory Pyruvate Oxidation Discussion of Redox reactions and review protein channels Electron Transport Chain Energy Inventory Chemiosmosis ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Glycolysis yields 2 ATP/glucose plus - 9 Kcal/mole dissipated. Gluconeogenesis is really bad news, it consumes the equivalent of 6 ATP/glucose synthesized. Why would be a need for such a wasteful metabolic pathway? ...
... Glycolysis yields 2 ATP/glucose plus - 9 Kcal/mole dissipated. Gluconeogenesis is really bad news, it consumes the equivalent of 6 ATP/glucose synthesized. Why would be a need for such a wasteful metabolic pathway? ...
The Electron Transport System of Mitochondria
... system, the ATP synthetase complex, and transport proteins. The wrinkles, or folds, are organized into lamillae (layers), called the cristae (singlular: crista). The cristae greatly increase the total surface area of the inner membrane. The larger surface area makes room for many more of the above- ...
... system, the ATP synthetase complex, and transport proteins. The wrinkles, or folds, are organized into lamillae (layers), called the cristae (singlular: crista). The cristae greatly increase the total surface area of the inner membrane. The larger surface area makes room for many more of the above- ...
reaction
... 6 The next enzyme converts each GP to another three-carbon compound, 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because each DHAP molecule can be converted to GP and each GP to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, the result is two molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid for each initial molecule of glucose. GP is oxidized ...
... 6 The next enzyme converts each GP to another three-carbon compound, 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. Because each DHAP molecule can be converted to GP and each GP to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, the result is two molecules of 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid for each initial molecule of glucose. GP is oxidized ...
Chapter 8
... This light energy causes a water molecule to split – releasing an electron into the electron transport system, a hydrogen ion (H+ or proton) into the thylakoid space, and oxygen as a waste product. ...
... This light energy causes a water molecule to split – releasing an electron into the electron transport system, a hydrogen ion (H+ or proton) into the thylakoid space, and oxygen as a waste product. ...
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
... 2. Splitting of this compound into two 3- carbon sugar phosphates, which are interconvertible. Note that this is the origin of the term glycolysis meaning splitting of glucose. 3. Oxidation by dehydrogenation. Each 3-C sugar phosphate is oxidized by removal of hydrogen, making a reduced NAD that is ...
... 2. Splitting of this compound into two 3- carbon sugar phosphates, which are interconvertible. Note that this is the origin of the term glycolysis meaning splitting of glucose. 3. Oxidation by dehydrogenation. Each 3-C sugar phosphate is oxidized by removal of hydrogen, making a reduced NAD that is ...
Digestion of Dietary Carbohydrates
... The reactions catalyzed by hexokinase, PFK-1 and PK all proceed with a relatively large free energy decrease. These nonequilibrium reactions of glycolysis would be ideal candidates for regulation of the flux through glycolysis. Indeed, in vitro studies have shown all three enzymes to be allosterical ...
... The reactions catalyzed by hexokinase, PFK-1 and PK all proceed with a relatively large free energy decrease. These nonequilibrium reactions of glycolysis would be ideal candidates for regulation of the flux through glycolysis. Indeed, in vitro studies have shown all three enzymes to be allosterical ...
Plant Cell Wall Biosynthesis
... the majority of a plant’s dry mass, the plant must invest much carbon and energy in wall production. The building blocks (sugars, amino acids, etc.) for wall biosynthesis are made, and often ‘activated’, in the protoplast; the polymerization process then occurs either in association with membranes o ...
... the majority of a plant’s dry mass, the plant must invest much carbon and energy in wall production. The building blocks (sugars, amino acids, etc.) for wall biosynthesis are made, and often ‘activated’, in the protoplast; the polymerization process then occurs either in association with membranes o ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... RNA- and protein-containing enzyme system is the ribosome. The central catalytic activity of the ribosome (peptide bond formation) is catalyzed by an RNA component. ...
... RNA- and protein-containing enzyme system is the ribosome. The central catalytic activity of the ribosome (peptide bond formation) is catalyzed by an RNA component. ...
Chapter 25
... cofactor of nitrate reductase. The molybdenum-free version of this compound is a pterin derivative called molybdopterin. (b) Siroheme, a uroporphyrin derivative, is a member of the isobacteriochlorin class of hemes, a group of porphyrins in which adjacent pyrrole rings are reduced. Siroheme is novel ...
... cofactor of nitrate reductase. The molybdenum-free version of this compound is a pterin derivative called molybdopterin. (b) Siroheme, a uroporphyrin derivative, is a member of the isobacteriochlorin class of hemes, a group of porphyrins in which adjacent pyrrole rings are reduced. Siroheme is novel ...
L12_FAS
... decarboxylated malonyl and the growing fatty acid chain, the reduction/dehydration/reduction steps, moving the fatty acid to the right site and finally releasing it as FA-CoA ...
... decarboxylated malonyl and the growing fatty acid chain, the reduction/dehydration/reduction steps, moving the fatty acid to the right site and finally releasing it as FA-CoA ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism
... mitochondrial membrane as free fatty acids. But long chain fatty acids are activated before transportation into the mitochondrial matrix. The long fatty acids are activated by acyl CoA synthetase which is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. The activation occurs in two steps. First the fatt ...
... mitochondrial membrane as free fatty acids. But long chain fatty acids are activated before transportation into the mitochondrial matrix. The long fatty acids are activated by acyl CoA synthetase which is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. The activation occurs in two steps. First the fatt ...
08_Lecture_Presentation
... helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
... helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
Lecture 27
... Ala, Ser, Gly, are competitive with Glu for the binding site. AMP and CTP are competitive with the ATP binding site. ...
... Ala, Ser, Gly, are competitive with Glu for the binding site. AMP and CTP are competitive with the ATP binding site. ...
active site
... ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups In addition to its role in energy coupling, ATP is also used to make RNA ...
... ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups In addition to its role in energy coupling, ATP is also used to make RNA ...
Exam Questions_150216_final
... The dnaB gene of E. coli encodes a helicase (DnaB) that unwinds DNA at the replication fork. Its properties have been studied using artificial substrates like those shown in Figure 1A. In such substrates, DnaB binds preferentially to the longest single-strand region (the largest target) available. Th ...
... The dnaB gene of E. coli encodes a helicase (DnaB) that unwinds DNA at the replication fork. Its properties have been studied using artificial substrates like those shown in Figure 1A. In such substrates, DnaB binds preferentially to the longest single-strand region (the largest target) available. Th ...
enzyme
... helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
... helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
Cell and Molecular Biology
... • It is impermeable to most ions including H, Na, ATP, GTP, CTP etc and to large molecules. • For the transport special carriers are present e.g. adenine nucleotide carrier(ATP –ADP transport). • Complex II i.e. Succinate dehydrogenase . • Complex V i.e. ATP synthase complex. Outer membrane: It is p ...
... • It is impermeable to most ions including H, Na, ATP, GTP, CTP etc and to large molecules. • For the transport special carriers are present e.g. adenine nucleotide carrier(ATP –ADP transport). • Complex II i.e. Succinate dehydrogenase . • Complex V i.e. ATP synthase complex. Outer membrane: It is p ...
slides pdf file
... 3. The Q10 - The rate of respiration doubles when temperature rises 10 oC (18 oF) - Respiration can be reduced by lowering O 2 and increasing CO2 ...
... 3. The Q10 - The rate of respiration doubles when temperature rises 10 oC (18 oF) - Respiration can be reduced by lowering O 2 and increasing CO2 ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.