Lecture outline handouts
... In this formula, ∆H symbolizes the change in the system’s enthalpy (in biological systems, equivalent to total energy); ∆S is the change in the system’s entropy; and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin (K) units (K = °C + 273). ...
... In this formula, ∆H symbolizes the change in the system’s enthalpy (in biological systems, equivalent to total energy); ∆S is the change in the system’s entropy; and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin (K) units (K = °C + 273). ...
Bacterial Fermentation
... fermented by facultative homofermentative organisms via the phosphoketolase pathway. Fructose can be used as carbon source but also as an electron acceptor (thus generating mannitol), thereby allowing acetate production. Citrate, an ingredient of milk, is converted to diacetyl, the typical flavour of ...
... fermented by facultative homofermentative organisms via the phosphoketolase pathway. Fructose can be used as carbon source but also as an electron acceptor (thus generating mannitol), thereby allowing acetate production. Citrate, an ingredient of milk, is converted to diacetyl, the typical flavour of ...
Class Notes
... Cells manage their energy resources to do this work by energy coupling, using an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. ATP is responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells, and in most cases it acts as the immediate source of energy that powers cellular work. ATP (adenosine triphos ...
... Cells manage their energy resources to do this work by energy coupling, using an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. ATP is responsible for mediating most energy coupling in cells, and in most cases it acts as the immediate source of energy that powers cellular work. ATP (adenosine triphos ...
An Introduction to Metabolism
... ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide triphosphate consisting of the sugar ribose, the nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups. ...
... ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide triphosphate consisting of the sugar ribose, the nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups. ...
Citric Acid Cycle Review Activity Goals
... your way around taking care and keeping track of the required additions and expulsions from the system. Follow the system all the way around until you have created an ATP and have made Oxaloacetate the start and finish molecule in the Citric Acid cycle. Then do it again since each molecule of glucos ...
... your way around taking care and keeping track of the required additions and expulsions from the system. Follow the system all the way around until you have created an ATP and have made Oxaloacetate the start and finish molecule in the Citric Acid cycle. Then do it again since each molecule of glucos ...
Document
... – Protons flow down electrochemical gradient through ATP synthases that phosphorylate ADP to ATP – Called oxidative phosphorylation because proton gradient created by oxidation of components of ETC – ~34 ATP molecules formed from one molecule of glucose ...
... – Protons flow down electrochemical gradient through ATP synthases that phosphorylate ADP to ATP – Called oxidative phosphorylation because proton gradient created by oxidation of components of ETC – ~34 ATP molecules formed from one molecule of glucose ...
this lecture as PDF here
... Eg. D-amino acid oxidase acts on D-amino acid and L-amino acid oxidase acts on L-amino acid. ...
... Eg. D-amino acid oxidase acts on D-amino acid and L-amino acid oxidase acts on L-amino acid. ...
Metabolism
... During the process 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to form 2 NADH and 2H+ (NAD+ is the oxidized form – less energy and NADH is the reduced form – more energy) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... During the process 2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to form 2 NADH and 2H+ (NAD+ is the oxidized form – less energy and NADH is the reduced form – more energy) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
L9 PS Variations Fa08
... Balance between photosynthesis and water loss C3 • Uses a 3-carbon sugar as substrate in Calvin cycle (3-phosphoglycerate) • Stomata open during day, closed at night • Not typically found in dry (arid) environments • In hot temperatures, must close stomata – Photosynthesis reduced, so productivity ...
... Balance between photosynthesis and water loss C3 • Uses a 3-carbon sugar as substrate in Calvin cycle (3-phosphoglycerate) • Stomata open during day, closed at night • Not typically found in dry (arid) environments • In hot temperatures, must close stomata – Photosynthesis reduced, so productivity ...
Finals Practice Exam
... energy of reactions. Answer the question(s) that accompany each catalytic strategy. I). Acid-Base Catalysis- Which enzyme of glycolysis uses a strict acid-base catalytic mechanism? What candidate amino acids would you expect this enzyme to use for this acid-base catalysis? II). Covalent Catalysis- N ...
... energy of reactions. Answer the question(s) that accompany each catalytic strategy. I). Acid-Base Catalysis- Which enzyme of glycolysis uses a strict acid-base catalytic mechanism? What candidate amino acids would you expect this enzyme to use for this acid-base catalysis? II). Covalent Catalysis- N ...
Muscle Energy Metabolism
... Smooth muscle is mostly found in the respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive system, and blood vessels. Many vital functions are controlled via the contraction and tonus of smooth muscle in these tissues and organs, such as maintaining blood flow and blood pressure, direct ...
... Smooth muscle is mostly found in the respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive system, and blood vessels. Many vital functions are controlled via the contraction and tonus of smooth muscle in these tissues and organs, such as maintaining blood flow and blood pressure, direct ...
Theory_2004
... The transport of fatty acids into the cell is totally dependent on a membrane carrier The movement of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix is stimulated by malonyl CoA The beta-oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acyl CoA would result in the production of 8 FADH2 and 8 NADH molecules Matrix carnitin ...
... The transport of fatty acids into the cell is totally dependent on a membrane carrier The movement of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix is stimulated by malonyl CoA The beta-oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acyl CoA would result in the production of 8 FADH2 and 8 NADH molecules Matrix carnitin ...
Food Processing and Utilization
... preferred for catabolism because proteins and lipids are more important as structural components of cells and tissues. ...
... preferred for catabolism because proteins and lipids are more important as structural components of cells and tissues. ...
Unit 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... 6. State and explain the chemical equation that summarizes photosynthesis. 7. Define pigment and chlorophyll. 8. Describe the roles of pigments, chlorophyll and light in photosynthesis. Topic 3: Photosynthesis details (8-3) 9. Draw and label a diagram of the chloroplast, including the location and s ...
... 6. State and explain the chemical equation that summarizes photosynthesis. 7. Define pigment and chlorophyll. 8. Describe the roles of pigments, chlorophyll and light in photosynthesis. Topic 3: Photosynthesis details (8-3) 9. Draw and label a diagram of the chloroplast, including the location and s ...
Muscle Physiology - Home Page | Hermantown Community Schools
... Isotonic and Isometric Exercise Isotonic – tension increases and the muscle shortens Lifting weights Isometric – muscle does not shorten, the tension produced never exceeds resistanc ...
... Isotonic and Isometric Exercise Isotonic – tension increases and the muscle shortens Lifting weights Isometric – muscle does not shorten, the tension produced never exceeds resistanc ...
Chapter 8 Powerpoint (To the Point)
... a. In Feedback inhibition (a.k.a., negative feedback) is the Inhibition of enzyme activity in which the products of a reaction or series of reactions acts upon the enzyme(s) responsible for the generation of that product. b. Thus, the more product there is, the less product which is produced. If sim ...
... a. In Feedback inhibition (a.k.a., negative feedback) is the Inhibition of enzyme activity in which the products of a reaction or series of reactions acts upon the enzyme(s) responsible for the generation of that product. b. Thus, the more product there is, the less product which is produced. If sim ...
Lecture #1 ~ Date_________
... Induced fit model • More accurate model of enzyme action – 3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate – substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit • “conformational change” • bring chemical groups in position to catalyze reaction ...
... Induced fit model • More accurate model of enzyme action – 3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate – substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit • “conformational change” • bring chemical groups in position to catalyze reaction ...
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS Ceramide and
... homogenate was used to first measure glucose with glucose reagent (GAGO20, Sigma). Total glucose was measured by reading absorbance at 340 nm after 10 min of incubation at room temperature. To measure trehalose in the samples, porcine kidney trehalase (Sigma, T8778) was added (final concentration of ...
... homogenate was used to first measure glucose with glucose reagent (GAGO20, Sigma). Total glucose was measured by reading absorbance at 340 nm after 10 min of incubation at room temperature. To measure trehalose in the samples, porcine kidney trehalase (Sigma, T8778) was added (final concentration of ...
Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Peroxisomes - Beck-Shop
... the six-carbon sugar glucose into pyruvate, a three-carbon substrate for pyruvate dehydrogenase, a large, soluble, enzyme complex in the mitochondrial matrix. The products of pyruvate dehydrogenase (carbon dioxide, the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NADH], and acetyl coenzyme A [ ...
... the six-carbon sugar glucose into pyruvate, a three-carbon substrate for pyruvate dehydrogenase, a large, soluble, enzyme complex in the mitochondrial matrix. The products of pyruvate dehydrogenase (carbon dioxide, the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NADH], and acetyl coenzyme A [ ...
Biosynthesis of the nutritionally nonessential amino acids
... transferases Play Central Roles in Amino Acid Biosynthesis A. Synthesis from α-keto acids Alanine, aspartate, and Glutamate are synthesized by transfer of an amino group to the α-keto acids pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and α-ketoglutarate, respectively. Glutamate is unusual in that it can also be synthes ...
... transferases Play Central Roles in Amino Acid Biosynthesis A. Synthesis from α-keto acids Alanine, aspartate, and Glutamate are synthesized by transfer of an amino group to the α-keto acids pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and α-ketoglutarate, respectively. Glutamate is unusual in that it can also be synthes ...
Fundamentals: Bioenergetics and Enzyme Function
... 13. What are the similarities between the hormonal activation of glycogenolysis and lipolysis? 14. What are the enzyme(s) responsible for FFA mobilization? 15. Compare where CO2 is produced during FFA catabolism and carbohydrate catabolism. For a given amount of ATP production, catabolism of which s ...
... 13. What are the similarities between the hormonal activation of glycogenolysis and lipolysis? 14. What are the enzyme(s) responsible for FFA mobilization? 15. Compare where CO2 is produced during FFA catabolism and carbohydrate catabolism. For a given amount of ATP production, catabolism of which s ...
Chapter 8 Notes Bio AP
... ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide triphosphate consisting of the sugar ribose, the nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups. ...
... ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide triphosphate consisting of the sugar ribose, the nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups. ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.