Identification of possible tworeactant sources of
... As has been pointed out elsewhere [22, 231, all carbohydrate metabolites participating in the Calvin cycle are subjected to a moiety conservation constraint with phosphate as the conserved moiety. By arguments analogous to those considered in the treatment of oscillations in single-enzyme reactions ...
... As has been pointed out elsewhere [22, 231, all carbohydrate metabolites participating in the Calvin cycle are subjected to a moiety conservation constraint with phosphate as the conserved moiety. By arguments analogous to those considered in the treatment of oscillations in single-enzyme reactions ...
Figure 4-24, step 1
... mitochondrial membrane High-energy electrons from glycolysis 1 Energy released 2 Energy from high-energy during metabolism electrons moving along is captured by highthe protein complexes energy electrons of the electron transport carried by NADH system pumps H+ from and FADH2. the matrix into the in ...
... mitochondrial membrane High-energy electrons from glycolysis 1 Energy released 2 Energy from high-energy during metabolism electrons moving along is captured by highthe protein complexes energy electrons of the electron transport carried by NADH system pumps H+ from and FADH2. the matrix into the in ...
Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation
... processes are the result of the application or movement of en- ...
... processes are the result of the application or movement of en- ...
Mitochondrial metabolite transport
... transmembrane α-helices (H1–H6) lining a funnel-shaped cavity (occupied by the inhibitor) which is open towards the cytosol and closed on the matrix side by a salt-bridge network. This network is formed by the charged residues of the first part of the three signature motifs, PX[D/E]XX[R/K], which ar ...
... transmembrane α-helices (H1–H6) lining a funnel-shaped cavity (occupied by the inhibitor) which is open towards the cytosol and closed on the matrix side by a salt-bridge network. This network is formed by the charged residues of the first part of the three signature motifs, PX[D/E]XX[R/K], which ar ...
Lecture 10
... phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6phosphatase. • Activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl coenzyme A is an important regulatory mechanism. ...
... phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose 6phosphatase. • Activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl coenzyme A is an important regulatory mechanism. ...
VCE Biology TSFX REVISION LECTURE UNIT 3 Part 1
... Students are expected to understand that polypeptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids, formed through condensation reactions. They are also expected to understand that the primary structure of a polypeptide or protein is the sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide or protein, and ...
... Students are expected to understand that polypeptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids, formed through condensation reactions. They are also expected to understand that the primary structure of a polypeptide or protein is the sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide or protein, and ...
Lipids (lect 4))
... Acetyl CoA is the precursor of fatty acid synthesis. It is produced from oxidation of glucose (by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate), βoxidation of fatty acids and metabolism of ketogenic and mixed amino acids. Acetyl CoA is produced in mitochondria, and FA synthesis occurs in cytoplasm, so acet ...
... Acetyl CoA is the precursor of fatty acid synthesis. It is produced from oxidation of glucose (by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate), βoxidation of fatty acids and metabolism of ketogenic and mixed amino acids. Acetyl CoA is produced in mitochondria, and FA synthesis occurs in cytoplasm, so acet ...
BIO 16l EXAM2 SUMMER6WKKey
... a. depends on unusual amino acids not common in proteins. b. has a certaifi unique amino acid to fit each substrate. C. is shaped to fit a certain substrate molecule. d. is lined with glycolipids and glycoproteins. e. passes electrons from one part ofthe substrate to another. ...
... a. depends on unusual amino acids not common in proteins. b. has a certaifi unique amino acid to fit each substrate. C. is shaped to fit a certain substrate molecule. d. is lined with glycolipids and glycoproteins. e. passes electrons from one part ofthe substrate to another. ...
Acyl-CoA
... - Thiolysis (or breaking bonds with –SH group—cf hydrolysis and phosphorolysis) initiated by nucleophilic attack of the thiol group (-SH) of CoA on the keto group within β-ketoacyl-CoA results in the cleavage of Cα-Cβ bond, thereby releasing the first acetyl-CoA (to enter the Krebs cycle) and an out ...
... - Thiolysis (or breaking bonds with –SH group—cf hydrolysis and phosphorolysis) initiated by nucleophilic attack of the thiol group (-SH) of CoA on the keto group within β-ketoacyl-CoA results in the cleavage of Cα-Cβ bond, thereby releasing the first acetyl-CoA (to enter the Krebs cycle) and an out ...
respiration_DSE_revi..
... When pyruvate enters a mitochondrion it is converted to acetylCoA. Coenzyme A (CoA) is a large molecule (and a vitamin) that acts as a coenzyme. The conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA is an coupled oxidationreduction reaction in which high energy electrons are removed from pyruvate and end up in NA ...
... When pyruvate enters a mitochondrion it is converted to acetylCoA. Coenzyme A (CoA) is a large molecule (and a vitamin) that acts as a coenzyme. The conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA is an coupled oxidationreduction reaction in which high energy electrons are removed from pyruvate and end up in NA ...
Extracellular ATP Functions as an
... these cells, extracellular ATP funnels into signaling pathways via two mechanisms. First, it participates in extracellular phosphorylation (Redegeld et al., 1999). For example, extracellular phosphorylation is an absolute requirement in T cell–mediated immune responses. Specific abolition of ectopho ...
... these cells, extracellular ATP funnels into signaling pathways via two mechanisms. First, it participates in extracellular phosphorylation (Redegeld et al., 1999). For example, extracellular phosphorylation is an absolute requirement in T cell–mediated immune responses. Specific abolition of ectopho ...
Lecture 27
... to pyruvate, -ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, or oxaloacetate (glucose precursors). Ketogenic amino acids, are broken down to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate and therefore can be converted to fatty acids or ketone bodies. ...
... to pyruvate, -ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, or oxaloacetate (glucose precursors). Ketogenic amino acids, are broken down to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate and therefore can be converted to fatty acids or ketone bodies. ...
Is ATP a Signaling Agent in Plants?
... tested. Even if ATP influx were feasible, phosphorylation at the cytosolic or extracellular face is clearly not essential for generation of the [Ca2⫹]cyt transients, as ADP and ␣meATP (nonhydrolyzable ATP analog) were potent agonists acting at micromolar concentrations and exhibiting saturation. Th ...
... tested. Even if ATP influx were feasible, phosphorylation at the cytosolic or extracellular face is clearly not essential for generation of the [Ca2⫹]cyt transients, as ADP and ␣meATP (nonhydrolyzable ATP analog) were potent agonists acting at micromolar concentrations and exhibiting saturation. Th ...
New insight into pathogenesis of medical diseases
... One of the basic purposes of body cells is to transform the chemical energy of these simple components into forms that may be available for immediate use or other forms that may be used in future. The foods possess stored energy. When we consume these foods, the digestive processes break them down i ...
... One of the basic purposes of body cells is to transform the chemical energy of these simple components into forms that may be available for immediate use or other forms that may be used in future. The foods possess stored energy. When we consume these foods, the digestive processes break them down i ...
INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
... Pathway to IMP from PRPP 1. Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase catalyzes displacement of the 1-pyrophosphoryl group of PRPP by NH2 derived from the amide group of glutamine to yield 5'phospho-β -D-ribosyl -1-amine. The amide nitrogen atom of the glutamine is the first atom of the purine ring to be intr ...
... Pathway to IMP from PRPP 1. Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase catalyzes displacement of the 1-pyrophosphoryl group of PRPP by NH2 derived from the amide group of glutamine to yield 5'phospho-β -D-ribosyl -1-amine. The amide nitrogen atom of the glutamine is the first atom of the purine ring to be intr ...
Slide 1
... Most cases Glc-6-P is end product---used in other pathways - glycogen, starch, pentose, hexose synthesis Enzyme only found in liver, kidney, small intestines Bound to ER with active site towards lumen Hydrolysis of phosphate irreversibly forms glucose Secretory pathway exports to blood stream for ot ...
... Most cases Glc-6-P is end product---used in other pathways - glycogen, starch, pentose, hexose synthesis Enzyme only found in liver, kidney, small intestines Bound to ER with active site towards lumen Hydrolysis of phosphate irreversibly forms glucose Secretory pathway exports to blood stream for ot ...
Pathophysiology of Skeletal Muscle
... skeletal muscle is about four times the storage capacity of the liver, at about 400g dry weight. Remember that 1g of glycogen binds 2.7 g water, so about 1.5 kg of total body weight depends on muscle glycogen storage level. Metabolizing glycogen's glucose units generates energy at several levels. Br ...
... skeletal muscle is about four times the storage capacity of the liver, at about 400g dry weight. Remember that 1g of glycogen binds 2.7 g water, so about 1.5 kg of total body weight depends on muscle glycogen storage level. Metabolizing glycogen's glucose units generates energy at several levels. Br ...
Chapter 11
... • Light energy is captured by chlorophyll • Reducing power is generated in the form of NADPH • Carbon Assimilation Reactions (aka the “dark reactions”, the Calvin cycle) ...
... • Light energy is captured by chlorophyll • Reducing power is generated in the form of NADPH • Carbon Assimilation Reactions (aka the “dark reactions”, the Calvin cycle) ...
Infrared spectroscopic studies: from small molecules to large.
... reactions in the cell, antibodies that bind antigens or foreign substances and target them for destruction, transporters that binds small molecules and move them from one cell location to the next, etc.5 An important group of enzymes that are central to many biological processes are the kinases. The ...
... reactions in the cell, antibodies that bind antigens or foreign substances and target them for destruction, transporters that binds small molecules and move them from one cell location to the next, etc.5 An important group of enzymes that are central to many biological processes are the kinases. The ...
1. Products of Amino Acid Transamination Name
... Summing the last four equations: 2 Glutamate CO2 O2 2ADP 2Pi 88n 2 a-ketoglutarate urea 3H2O 2ATP 8. Transamination and the Urea Cycle Aspartate aminotransferase has the highest activity of all the mammalian liver aminotransferases. Why? Answer The second amino group introduced into ur ...
... Summing the last four equations: 2 Glutamate CO2 O2 2ADP 2Pi 88n 2 a-ketoglutarate urea 3H2O 2ATP 8. Transamination and the Urea Cycle Aspartate aminotransferase has the highest activity of all the mammalian liver aminotransferases. Why? Answer The second amino group introduced into ur ...
emboj200897-sup
... No kinetic property has been reported on Wzc/Etk so far, while a few external substrates have been used to demonstrate the presence and extent of PTK activity (Ilan et al., 1999;Grangeasse et al., 2003;Mijakovic et al., 2003). To date, kinase activity of Wzc is commonly quantified by SDS-PAGE gel au ...
... No kinetic property has been reported on Wzc/Etk so far, while a few external substrates have been used to demonstrate the presence and extent of PTK activity (Ilan et al., 1999;Grangeasse et al., 2003;Mijakovic et al., 2003). To date, kinase activity of Wzc is commonly quantified by SDS-PAGE gel au ...
Scholarly Interest Report
... theory derives directly from the chemiosmotic theory for oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. According to the chemiosmotic theory, during electron transport, protons are pumped across either the mitochondrial inner membrane or the thylakoid membrane thus forming both a concentration and an ...
... theory derives directly from the chemiosmotic theory for oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. According to the chemiosmotic theory, during electron transport, protons are pumped across either the mitochondrial inner membrane or the thylakoid membrane thus forming both a concentration and an ...
Energy Metabolism of the Performance Horse. In
... The energy expenditure of exercised horses rises due to the energy cost of the work of the skeletal muscles, respiratory apparatus and cardiovascular system (Martin-Rosset 2008). Herby, oxygen consumption is supposed to be the best criterion of energy expenditure. In horses, the rate at which oxygen ...
... The energy expenditure of exercised horses rises due to the energy cost of the work of the skeletal muscles, respiratory apparatus and cardiovascular system (Martin-Rosset 2008). Herby, oxygen consumption is supposed to be the best criterion of energy expenditure. In horses, the rate at which oxygen ...
Slide 1
... Insulin, which rises subsequent to eating, stimulates the expression of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Glucagon, which rises during starvation, inhibits the expression of these enzymes and stimulates the production of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose 1,6bisphosphatase. Transc ...
... Insulin, which rises subsequent to eating, stimulates the expression of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Glucagon, which rises during starvation, inhibits the expression of these enzymes and stimulates the production of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and fructose 1,6bisphosphatase. Transc ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.