Enzymes
... with, for example, a low constant activity provided by one enzyme but an inducible high activity from a second enzyme. Enzymes determine what steps occur in these pathways. Without enzymes, metabolism would neither progress through the same steps nor be fast enough to serve the needs of the cell. In ...
... with, for example, a low constant activity provided by one enzyme but an inducible high activity from a second enzyme. Enzymes determine what steps occur in these pathways. Without enzymes, metabolism would neither progress through the same steps nor be fast enough to serve the needs of the cell. In ...
PowerPoint
... series of acceptors. As they travel, they go through chemical reactions in which oxidation (the combining with oxygen) and reduction (the removing of oxygen) occur. Reactions in which substances are oxidized and reduced are referred to as redox reactions. During this pathway ATP is synthesized and w ...
... series of acceptors. As they travel, they go through chemical reactions in which oxidation (the combining with oxygen) and reduction (the removing of oxygen) occur. Reactions in which substances are oxidized and reduced are referred to as redox reactions. During this pathway ATP is synthesized and w ...
3 hours - The University of Winnipeg
... Question 8. The transportation of ATP out of the mitochondrial matrix and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix is energetically ‘driven’ by... a. the mitochondrial electochemical proton gradient b. the Na+ gradient c. the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi d. the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP and PPi e. n ...
... Question 8. The transportation of ATP out of the mitochondrial matrix and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix is energetically ‘driven’ by... a. the mitochondrial electochemical proton gradient b. the Na+ gradient c. the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi d. the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP and PPi e. n ...
BIO 322_Rec_4part2_Spring 2013
... Fumarate to malate in cytosol can go back to mitochondria as malate ...
... Fumarate to malate in cytosol can go back to mitochondria as malate ...
Chapter 14
... Uncouplers • Uncouplers stimulate the oxidation of substrates in the absence of ADP • Uncouplers are lipid-soluble weak acids • Both acidic and basic forms can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane ...
... Uncouplers • Uncouplers stimulate the oxidation of substrates in the absence of ADP • Uncouplers are lipid-soluble weak acids • Both acidic and basic forms can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane ...
Special aspects of renal metabolism
... The extracellular concentration of free amino is significantly lower than inside the cells The concentration gradient is maintained through active transport (requires ATP) that moves amino acids into cells Seven different transport systems are known that have overlapping specificities for diff ...
... The extracellular concentration of free amino is significantly lower than inside the cells The concentration gradient is maintained through active transport (requires ATP) that moves amino acids into cells Seven different transport systems are known that have overlapping specificities for diff ...
Text S1
... regarding the turnover rates of all enzymes in the human metabolic network model. Since turnover rates were found for only 729 reactions in the network (extracted from the BRENDA [3] database and from the SABIO-RK database [4]), the remaining 4165 reactions were assigned with the median value of the ...
... regarding the turnover rates of all enzymes in the human metabolic network model. Since turnover rates were found for only 729 reactions in the network (extracted from the BRENDA [3] database and from the SABIO-RK database [4]), the remaining 4165 reactions were assigned with the median value of the ...
Functional Analysis of Subunit e of the F1Fo
... sion of the proteins was achieved by cloning the DNA fragments that encode the proteins into a yeast integration vector, Yip351, which contained a galactose-inducible promoter. The resulting plasmids were linearized and then integrated into the leu2 locus of the su e null yeast mutant, ⌬su e. The Su ...
... sion of the proteins was achieved by cloning the DNA fragments that encode the proteins into a yeast integration vector, Yip351, which contained a galactose-inducible promoter. The resulting plasmids were linearized and then integrated into the leu2 locus of the su e null yeast mutant, ⌬su e. The Su ...
Universal Functional and Model Consistency Testing
... in myocyte network. The reversible mitochondrial cysteinesulfinate/aspartate mitochondrial shuttle reaction 3SALAASPtm was replaced with the corresponding irreversible reaction 3SALAASPtim to avoid the presence of futile cycles. Precursor Metabolite Tests Precursor metabolites are used in the centra ...
... in myocyte network. The reversible mitochondrial cysteinesulfinate/aspartate mitochondrial shuttle reaction 3SALAASPtm was replaced with the corresponding irreversible reaction 3SALAASPtim to avoid the presence of futile cycles. Precursor Metabolite Tests Precursor metabolites are used in the centra ...
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
... acids from their diet. Humans can only synthesize about half of the twenty amino acids. • In general, the more complex amino acids are essential amino acids in humans as they require enzymes that have been lost from the human genome over evolutionary time. • Most animals are much more restricted in ...
... acids from their diet. Humans can only synthesize about half of the twenty amino acids. • In general, the more complex amino acids are essential amino acids in humans as they require enzymes that have been lost from the human genome over evolutionary time. • Most animals are much more restricted in ...
Detoxikace endogenních a exogenních látek
... Electrons from NADPH+H+ are transferred to NADPHcytochrome P450 reductase, then to cytochrome P450 and to oxygen → one oxygen atom is inserted into the substrate They metabolize not only xenobiotics but also endogenous compounds, e.g. some steroids, eicosanoids ...
... Electrons from NADPH+H+ are transferred to NADPHcytochrome P450 reductase, then to cytochrome P450 and to oxygen → one oxygen atom is inserted into the substrate They metabolize not only xenobiotics but also endogenous compounds, e.g. some steroids, eicosanoids ...
CHAP NUM="8" ID="CH
... perform various kinds of work, living cells unavoidably convert other forms of energy to heat. A system can put heat to work only when there is a temperature difference that results in the heat flowing from a warmer location to a cooler one. If temperature is uniform, as it is in a living cell, then ...
... perform various kinds of work, living cells unavoidably convert other forms of energy to heat. A system can put heat to work only when there is a temperature difference that results in the heat flowing from a warmer location to a cooler one. If temperature is uniform, as it is in a living cell, then ...
supplementary text 1
... Cytokinin (CK) biosynthetic pathways CK metabolic pathways can be broadly classified into two types: the modification of the adenine moiety and that of the side chain (Sakakibara 2006). The first and rate-limiting step in CK biosynthesis is the transfer of an isoprenoid moiety to the N6-position of ...
... Cytokinin (CK) biosynthetic pathways CK metabolic pathways can be broadly classified into two types: the modification of the adenine moiety and that of the side chain (Sakakibara 2006). The first and rate-limiting step in CK biosynthesis is the transfer of an isoprenoid moiety to the N6-position of ...
From CO2 to cell: energetic expense of creating biomass using the
... The enzymes of the CBB cycle are oxygen-tolerant, but oxygen is a competitive substrate with CO2 for RubisCO and results in a wasteful oxygenase reaction. Aerobic cells must minimize the chances of the oxygenase reaction, which results in the loss of a carbon dioxide molecule as well as the consumpt ...
... The enzymes of the CBB cycle are oxygen-tolerant, but oxygen is a competitive substrate with CO2 for RubisCO and results in a wasteful oxygenase reaction. Aerobic cells must minimize the chances of the oxygenase reaction, which results in the loss of a carbon dioxide molecule as well as the consumpt ...
4.6 Fermentation
... • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. • Fermentation is an anaerobic process. – occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration – does not produce ATP ...
... • Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable. • Fermentation is an anaerobic process. – occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration – does not produce ATP ...
Lecture Eighteen - Personal Webspace for QMUL
... [ Figure, Page 485 upper ] [ Figure, Page 525 upper ] [Figure, page 505 upper] Formation of -Ketoglutarate [ Figure, Page 485 lower ] [ Figure, Page 525 lower ] [Figure, page 505 lower] Formation of Succinyl CoA [ Figure, Page 486 upper] [ Figure, page 526 upper] [Figure, page 506 upper] Formation ...
... [ Figure, Page 485 upper ] [ Figure, Page 525 upper ] [Figure, page 505 upper] Formation of -Ketoglutarate [ Figure, Page 485 lower ] [ Figure, Page 525 lower ] [Figure, page 505 lower] Formation of Succinyl CoA [ Figure, Page 486 upper] [ Figure, page 526 upper] [Figure, page 506 upper] Formation ...
Solving Biochemistry`s Biggest Mystery: How We Produce Energy
... gastrointestinal tract. Then these smaller compounds are taken into cells where they are further broken up into very basic compounds and two-carbon fragments of compounds. These small fragments are then converted to water and carbon dioxide by combination with oxygen. Normally, this process of combi ...
... gastrointestinal tract. Then these smaller compounds are taken into cells where they are further broken up into very basic compounds and two-carbon fragments of compounds. These small fragments are then converted to water and carbon dioxide by combination with oxygen. Normally, this process of combi ...
Generation of adenosine tri-phosphate in Leishmania
... from phoshoenolpyruvate. Evidence also suggests that the activity of these enzymes are comparatively higher in the amastigotes. Such a pathway could provide dicarboxylic acids for biosynthetic processes and also contributed to NADP+ recycling. Amastigote cells continuously excrete relatively large q ...
... from phoshoenolpyruvate. Evidence also suggests that the activity of these enzymes are comparatively higher in the amastigotes. Such a pathway could provide dicarboxylic acids for biosynthetic processes and also contributed to NADP+ recycling. Amastigote cells continuously excrete relatively large q ...
Unit 20C Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... at the first trophic level in a food web (producers) capture solar energy and then store it as chemical energy in the bonds of glucose molecules. This energy is eventually passed to other organisms in the food web. All organisms, including those that carry out photosynthesis, release the energy in g ...
... at the first trophic level in a food web (producers) capture solar energy and then store it as chemical energy in the bonds of glucose molecules. This energy is eventually passed to other organisms in the food web. All organisms, including those that carry out photosynthesis, release the energy in g ...
Glycolysis - WordPress.com
... Krebs Cycle. In order for the Pyruvate molecules to enter the Krebs cycle they must be converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A. During this link reaction, for each molecule of pyruvate that gets converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A, an NAD is also reduced. This stage of the aerobic system takes place in the matrix ...
... Krebs Cycle. In order for the Pyruvate molecules to enter the Krebs cycle they must be converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A. During this link reaction, for each molecule of pyruvate that gets converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A, an NAD is also reduced. This stage of the aerobic system takes place in the matrix ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase ATPase domain structures
... problems of DNA by temporarily introducing a double-stranded break into one DNA segment and transporting another DNA [TDNA (transported DNA)] duplex through this temporary break [1,2]. Most bacteria have two type II topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and Topo IV), which are are heterotetrameric enzymes comp ...
... problems of DNA by temporarily introducing a double-stranded break into one DNA segment and transporting another DNA [TDNA (transported DNA)] duplex through this temporary break [1,2]. Most bacteria have two type II topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and Topo IV), which are are heterotetrameric enzymes comp ...
CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2
... •8 acetyl CoA enter citric acid cycle and give: •24 NADH = 72 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •8 FADH2 = 16 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •8 GTP = 8 ATP •7 NADH generated by beta oxidation itself = 21 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •7 FADH2 generated by beta oxidation itself = 14 ATP (by ...
... •8 acetyl CoA enter citric acid cycle and give: •24 NADH = 72 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •8 FADH2 = 16 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •8 GTP = 8 ATP •7 NADH generated by beta oxidation itself = 21 ATP (by oxidative phosphorylation) •7 FADH2 generated by beta oxidation itself = 14 ATP (by ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.