Bio426Lecture19Mar8 - NAU jan.ucc.nau.edu web server
... two molecules of 3-PGA (total of 6 C). 2. Reduction. The two 3-PGA (3 C each) are reduced to two glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P, 3 C each) using ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions (still 6 C). 3. Regeneration. 5 of the 6 C in the 2 molecules of G3P are used to regenerate one RuBP (5C) us ...
... two molecules of 3-PGA (total of 6 C). 2. Reduction. The two 3-PGA (3 C each) are reduced to two glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P, 3 C each) using ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions (still 6 C). 3. Regeneration. 5 of the 6 C in the 2 molecules of G3P are used to regenerate one RuBP (5C) us ...
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
... for other amino acids are shown in yellow. The nine essential amino acids are shown in boldface. The carbon skeletons come from intermediates of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the citric acid cycle. On the basis of the starting points the 20 amino acids can be group into 6 categories ...
... for other amino acids are shown in yellow. The nine essential amino acids are shown in boldface. The carbon skeletons come from intermediates of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the citric acid cycle. On the basis of the starting points the 20 amino acids can be group into 6 categories ...
Flux-balance Analysis - Systems Biology Research Group
... glycolytic pathway, the TCA cycle and the electron transport system. The pentose phosphate pathway has not been included, since its activity is believed to be quite low for mitochondrial related functions. The oxidative metabolism of substrates takes place in the mitochondria; thus the substrates, m ...
... glycolytic pathway, the TCA cycle and the electron transport system. The pentose phosphate pathway has not been included, since its activity is believed to be quite low for mitochondrial related functions. The oxidative metabolism of substrates takes place in the mitochondria; thus the substrates, m ...
CNM
... What is special property does this type of molecule have and what is the scientific term for this? ...
... What is special property does this type of molecule have and what is the scientific term for this? ...
How Cells Obtain Energy
... number. A negative change in free energy also means that the products of the reaction have less free energy than the reactants, because they release some free energy during the reaction. Reactions that have a negative change in free energy and consequently release free energy are called exergonic re ...
... number. A negative change in free energy also means that the products of the reaction have less free energy than the reactants, because they release some free energy during the reaction. Reactions that have a negative change in free energy and consequently release free energy are called exergonic re ...
Fate of Carbon Skeleton
... The first 2 steps occur in mitochondria The last 3 steps occur in cytoplasm It utilizes 3 ATP and 4 high energy bonds It is catalyzed by five enzymes Any defect in one of these enzymes leads to ammonia intoxication ...
... The first 2 steps occur in mitochondria The last 3 steps occur in cytoplasm It utilizes 3 ATP and 4 high energy bonds It is catalyzed by five enzymes Any defect in one of these enzymes leads to ammonia intoxication ...
Properties of Enzymes
... Proteins containing sulfur amino acids (cysteine) ----give black or grey colour ...
... Proteins containing sulfur amino acids (cysteine) ----give black or grey colour ...
26_Catabolism of tryacylglycerols oxidation of fatty acids a
... glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate – pyruvate 4,5 ATP (1NADH + 2 ATP) pyruvate – acetyl CoA 2.5 ATP (1 NADH) acetyl CoA in Krebs cycle 10 ATP (3NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1GTP) Total ...
... glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate – pyruvate 4,5 ATP (1NADH + 2 ATP) pyruvate – acetyl CoA 2.5 ATP (1 NADH) acetyl CoA in Krebs cycle 10 ATP (3NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1GTP) Total ...
Clinical Biochemistry
... Monosaccharides are classified according to three different characteristics: the placement of its carbonyl group, the number of carbon atoms it contains, and its chiral handedness. If the carbonyl group is an aldehyde, the monosaccharide is an aldose; if the carbonyl group is a ketone, the monosacc ...
... Monosaccharides are classified according to three different characteristics: the placement of its carbonyl group, the number of carbon atoms it contains, and its chiral handedness. If the carbonyl group is an aldehyde, the monosaccharide is an aldose; if the carbonyl group is a ketone, the monosacc ...
Concepts of Biology
... will be a negative number. A negative change in free energy also means that the products of the reaction have less free energy than the reactants, because they release some free energy during the reaction. Reactions that have a negative change in free energy and consequently release free energy are ...
... will be a negative number. A negative change in free energy also means that the products of the reaction have less free energy than the reactants, because they release some free energy during the reaction. Reactions that have a negative change in free energy and consequently release free energy are ...
Chapter 8 Campbell - Red Hook Central Schools
... energy coupling, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. • Most energy coupling in cells is mediated by ATP. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... energy coupling, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one. • Most energy coupling in cells is mediated by ATP. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
4|HOW CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY
... (delta G) will be a negative number. A negative change in free energy also means that the products of the reaction have less free energy than the reactants, because they release some free energy during the reaction. Reactions that have a negative change in free energy and consequently release free e ...
... (delta G) will be a negative number. A negative change in free energy also means that the products of the reaction have less free energy than the reactants, because they release some free energy during the reaction. Reactions that have a negative change in free energy and consequently release free e ...
Butyrate formation from glucose by the rumen protozoon Dasytricha
... hydro-lyase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA reductase, phosphate butyryltransferase and butyrate kinase. Subcellular fractionation by differential and density-gradient centrifugation on sucrose gradients indicated that all those enzymes except pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase were non-sedimentable at 6 x 106g ...
... hydro-lyase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA reductase, phosphate butyryltransferase and butyrate kinase. Subcellular fractionation by differential and density-gradient centrifugation on sucrose gradients indicated that all those enzymes except pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase were non-sedimentable at 6 x 106g ...
Figure 4.5 - Amazon S3
... (delta G) will be a negative number. A negative change in free energy also means that the products of the reaction have less free energy than the reactants, because they release some free energy during the reaction. Reactions that have a negative change in free energy and consequently release free e ...
... (delta G) will be a negative number. A negative change in free energy also means that the products of the reaction have less free energy than the reactants, because they release some free energy during the reaction. Reactions that have a negative change in free energy and consequently release free e ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... Hence, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, collectively known as lignocellulosic biomass, will become an important raw material for the biorefinery. Cellulose is an unbranched, crystalline microfibril constructed from 7,000 to 15,000 a-D glucose molecules. Embedded in hemicelluloses it acts as re ...
... Hence, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, collectively known as lignocellulosic biomass, will become an important raw material for the biorefinery. Cellulose is an unbranched, crystalline microfibril constructed from 7,000 to 15,000 a-D glucose molecules. Embedded in hemicelluloses it acts as re ...
Thermodynamics (Classical) for Biological Systems Prof. GK
... And so in this class, we will just look at these two examples. Example 6.2 reads as, the standard Gibbs free energy changes at pH 7, delta G dash, … recall that it is a different from delta G naught, because the physiological pH is pH 7; delta G naught is defined under conditions of pH 0, which is i ...
... And so in this class, we will just look at these two examples. Example 6.2 reads as, the standard Gibbs free energy changes at pH 7, delta G dash, … recall that it is a different from delta G naught, because the physiological pH is pH 7; delta G naught is defined under conditions of pH 0, which is i ...
Pentose P Path
... committed step of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. This enzyme is regulated by availability of the substrate NADP+. As NADPH is utilized in reductive synthetic pathways, the increasing concentration of NADP+ stimulates the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, to ...
... committed step of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. This enzyme is regulated by availability of the substrate NADP+. As NADPH is utilized in reductive synthetic pathways, the increasing concentration of NADP+ stimulates the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, to ...
Unusual dehydrations in anaerobic bacteria
... An apparent partial purification of a lactylCoA dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.54) from M. elsdenii was reported in 1965 [27]. Due to the complicated, coupled assay it is not clear, however, whether the hydration of acryloyl-CoA to lactyiCoA was actually measured. Furthermore, the activity was observed under ...
... An apparent partial purification of a lactylCoA dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.54) from M. elsdenii was reported in 1965 [27]. Due to the complicated, coupled assay it is not clear, however, whether the hydration of acryloyl-CoA to lactyiCoA was actually measured. Furthermore, the activity was observed under ...
mitochondria
... several steps via the electron transport chain. These energy-rich molecules are produced within the matrix via the citric acid cycle but are also produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis. Reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm can be imported via the malate-aspartate shuttle system of antiporter pro ...
... several steps via the electron transport chain. These energy-rich molecules are produced within the matrix via the citric acid cycle but are also produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis. Reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm can be imported via the malate-aspartate shuttle system of antiporter pro ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY - Illinois State University
... • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transported to the liver • Liver lactate dehydrogenase can reconvert lactate to pyruva ...
... • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transported to the liver • Liver lactate dehydrogenase can reconvert lactate to pyruva ...
What does glycolysis make and why is it important?
... org/wiki/Glycolysis) are alike in confusing readers on the process, regulation, and physiological roles of glycolysis. The reference sources assert that glycolysis produces pyruvic acid (i.e., pyruvate and protons), and that under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis produces lactic acid. In their thoro ...
... org/wiki/Glycolysis) are alike in confusing readers on the process, regulation, and physiological roles of glycolysis. The reference sources assert that glycolysis produces pyruvic acid (i.e., pyruvate and protons), and that under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis produces lactic acid. In their thoro ...
Anaerobic and aerobic oxidation of glucose
... enzyme lactase, which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. Microorganisms in the colon ferment undigested lactose to lactic acid generating methane (CH4) and hydrogen gas (H2). The gas produced creates the uncomfortable feeling of gut distention and the annoying problem of flatulence. The lac ...
... enzyme lactase, which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. Microorganisms in the colon ferment undigested lactose to lactic acid generating methane (CH4) and hydrogen gas (H2). The gas produced creates the uncomfortable feeling of gut distention and the annoying problem of flatulence. The lac ...
on the potential efficiency of converting solar radiation to phytoenergy
... After briefly considering the spectral properties of solar radiation and how effectively plants can absorb it (the top ‘half’ of Fig. 1a,b), the analysis turns to quantitative biochemistry. This includes summing up the reactions that convert CO2 to photosynthate (i.e. sucrose and starch) to quantify ...
... After briefly considering the spectral properties of solar radiation and how effectively plants can absorb it (the top ‘half’ of Fig. 1a,b), the analysis turns to quantitative biochemistry. This includes summing up the reactions that convert CO2 to photosynthate (i.e. sucrose and starch) to quantify ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... molecules, such as glucose (Chapter 13). Glucose is the principal carbohydrate in living systems and an important fuel. In mammals, glucose is the only fuel that the brain uses under nonstarvation conditions and the only fuel that red blood cells can use at all. Indeed, almost all organisms use gluc ...
... molecules, such as glucose (Chapter 13). Glucose is the principal carbohydrate in living systems and an important fuel. In mammals, glucose is the only fuel that the brain uses under nonstarvation conditions and the only fuel that red blood cells can use at all. Indeed, almost all organisms use gluc ...
(a) (b)
... glucose “costs” 13.8 kJ/mol. Thus, the reaction liberates 16.7 kJ/mol under standard-state conditions (1mM, 25oC) ...
... glucose “costs” 13.8 kJ/mol. Thus, the reaction liberates 16.7 kJ/mol under standard-state conditions (1mM, 25oC) ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.