Name: AP Biology AP Biology Major Topics Review Evolution
... Structure of a mitochondria: outer and inner membranes, cristae folds, intermembrane space, and matrix. Mitochondria use the enzymes of the Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle) to convert pyruvate from glycolysis into NADH, FADH2, and ATP. Mitochondria use the ETC and ATP synthase to convert NADH and FAD ...
... Structure of a mitochondria: outer and inner membranes, cristae folds, intermembrane space, and matrix. Mitochondria use the enzymes of the Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle) to convert pyruvate from glycolysis into NADH, FADH2, and ATP. Mitochondria use the ETC and ATP synthase to convert NADH and FAD ...
Discussion Questions for Week 5: HWA Pages 167-177
... 15. In Kreb’s cycle, how many NADH molecules are formed from one glucose molecule? 16. In Kreb’s cycle, how many ATPs are formed from one mole of glucose by substrate level phosphorylation? 17. What acid is formed from the combination of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid? 18. For each electron pair th ...
... 15. In Kreb’s cycle, how many NADH molecules are formed from one glucose molecule? 16. In Kreb’s cycle, how many ATPs are formed from one mole of glucose by substrate level phosphorylation? 17. What acid is formed from the combination of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid? 18. For each electron pair th ...
Electron Transport Chain (Respiratory Chain)
... a) can be produced only in a cooperation with RCH b) can be synthesized only under aerobic conditions c) is formed from ADP by addition of one phosphate d) is transported from a mitochondrion into a cytoplasm by exchange with ADP ...
... a) can be produced only in a cooperation with RCH b) can be synthesized only under aerobic conditions c) is formed from ADP by addition of one phosphate d) is transported from a mitochondrion into a cytoplasm by exchange with ADP ...
Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types
... Pi + Energy (this energy will be used to bind Pi + ADP, can not be used for cellular work) CP is in limited supply within the muscle, thus this system supplies a large amount of energy but CP levels decline rapidly as it is used up as the system replenishes ATP stores. ATP-CP system only lasts 3-10s ...
... Pi + Energy (this energy will be used to bind Pi + ADP, can not be used for cellular work) CP is in limited supply within the muscle, thus this system supplies a large amount of energy but CP levels decline rapidly as it is used up as the system replenishes ATP stores. ATP-CP system only lasts 3-10s ...
Bio260 Exam1.1 MW review
... material across a cytoplasmic membrane. – Understand the different ways bacteria move material across a membrane such as facilitated diffusion and active transport mechanisms (transport systems that use proton motive force, transport systems that use ATP, and efflux pumps). ...
... material across a cytoplasmic membrane. – Understand the different ways bacteria move material across a membrane such as facilitated diffusion and active transport mechanisms (transport systems that use proton motive force, transport systems that use ATP, and efflux pumps). ...
Lecture Sixteen - Personal Webspace for QMUL
... carriers in the oxidation of fuel molecules Chemotrophs derive free energy from oxidation of fuel molecules, such as glucose and fatty acids In aerobic organisms the ultimate electron acceptor is oxygen, BUT The electrons from the fuel molecules are NOT transferred directly to oxygen, but are ...
... carriers in the oxidation of fuel molecules Chemotrophs derive free energy from oxidation of fuel molecules, such as glucose and fatty acids In aerobic organisms the ultimate electron acceptor is oxygen, BUT The electrons from the fuel molecules are NOT transferred directly to oxygen, but are ...
Cellular Respiration
... • Each step/transfer releases a portion of the potential energy in electrons ...
... • Each step/transfer releases a portion of the potential energy in electrons ...
You Light Up My Life
... Results of the Second Stage • All the carbon molecules in pyruvate end up in carbon dioxide • Coenzymes are reduced (they pick up electrons and hydrogen) • One molecule of ATP forms • Four-carbon oxaloacetate is ...
... Results of the Second Stage • All the carbon molecules in pyruvate end up in carbon dioxide • Coenzymes are reduced (they pick up electrons and hydrogen) • One molecule of ATP forms • Four-carbon oxaloacetate is ...
Aerobic Respiration
... energy whilst many are required for the release of energy from glucose. It releases energy in small amounts unlike ...
... energy whilst many are required for the release of energy from glucose. It releases energy in small amounts unlike ...
4.2 Cellular Respiration - Dr Rob's A
... However, they break into H+ and e- first, the protons remaining in solution the electrons passing along a carrier system, hence the electron transport chain Each carrier in the chain is at a slightly lower energy level and the electron is passed from highest to lowest. Each “pass” releases energy po ...
... However, they break into H+ and e- first, the protons remaining in solution the electrons passing along a carrier system, hence the electron transport chain Each carrier in the chain is at a slightly lower energy level and the electron is passed from highest to lowest. Each “pass” releases energy po ...
The Process of Cellular Respiration
... c) Oxidative phosphorylation and chemosynthesis (Electron transport chain) ...
... c) Oxidative phosphorylation and chemosynthesis (Electron transport chain) ...
Energy Production - University of Massachusetts Amherst
... $100 = Stored Fat • Fat stores are the energy sources for rest and prolonged activity at lower levels of exertion. • Breaking down fat is a SLOW process. Just as getting change for the $100 bill may be take a while, mobilizing fat stores to be used to meet cellular energy demands also takes longer ...
... $100 = Stored Fat • Fat stores are the energy sources for rest and prolonged activity at lower levels of exertion. • Breaking down fat is a SLOW process. Just as getting change for the $100 bill may be take a while, mobilizing fat stores to be used to meet cellular energy demands also takes longer ...
Cellular Respiration
... Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), ATP synthesis powered by the flow which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Of H+ back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation ...
... Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), ATP synthesis powered by the flow which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Of H+ back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation ...
Chapter 5
... • 1. Which of the following is NOT a general category of cell signaling molecules? A. endocrine signaling *B. enzymatic signaling C. paracrine signaling D. synaptic signaling • 2. Which of the following is NOT true of cyclic AMP? *A. It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane. B. It is a second ...
... • 1. Which of the following is NOT a general category of cell signaling molecules? A. endocrine signaling *B. enzymatic signaling C. paracrine signaling D. synaptic signaling • 2. Which of the following is NOT true of cyclic AMP? *A. It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane. B. It is a second ...
Chemical Pathways
... Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, electricity, and chemical compounds. ...
... Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, electricity, and chemical compounds. ...
Ch. 4 Outline
... A. Each ATP molecule has three parts: 1. An adenine molecule 2. A ribose molecule 3. Three phosphate molecules in a chain B. Third phosphate attached by high-energy bond C. When the bond is broken, energy is transferred D. When the bond is broken, ATP becomes ADP E. ADP becomes ATP through phosphory ...
... A. Each ATP molecule has three parts: 1. An adenine molecule 2. A ribose molecule 3. Three phosphate molecules in a chain B. Third phosphate attached by high-energy bond C. When the bond is broken, energy is transferred D. When the bond is broken, ATP becomes ADP E. ADP becomes ATP through phosphory ...
File
... Light Independent Reaction: Calvin Cycle (Without light) Takes place in the stroma (gel like material outside the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast) Series of reactions that use CO2 + ATP to make glucose to use for energy Overview Animation ...
... Light Independent Reaction: Calvin Cycle (Without light) Takes place in the stroma (gel like material outside the thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast) Series of reactions that use CO2 + ATP to make glucose to use for energy Overview Animation ...
Energy Metabolism Review
... All organisms produce ATP by releasing energy stored in glucose and other sugars. ...
... All organisms produce ATP by releasing energy stored in glucose and other sugars. ...
Photosynthesis/Respiration
... charged electrons to form NADPH which could later form ATP. • ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate): electrons could form ATP by adding phosphate group to ADP or AMP to form ATP. (adenosine Triphosphate, Diphosphate, Monophosphate). Energy trapped in ATP can be used by the cell by breaking the bond between t ...
... charged electrons to form NADPH which could later form ATP. • ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate): electrons could form ATP by adding phosphate group to ADP or AMP to form ATP. (adenosine Triphosphate, Diphosphate, Monophosphate). Energy trapped in ATP can be used by the cell by breaking the bond between t ...
in the presence of oxygen
... • Energy lost from e-, is used to pump H+ across the membrane • With a high conc. of H+ outside of the membrane and a low conc. Inside the membrane H+ pass through ATP synthase • ATP synthase rotates and adds a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP. ...
... • Energy lost from e-, is used to pump H+ across the membrane • With a high conc. of H+ outside of the membrane and a low conc. Inside the membrane H+ pass through ATP synthase • ATP synthase rotates and adds a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP. ...
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
... acid to lactic acid A h – By “shuttling” H+ into the mitochondria e • A specificirtransport system shuttles H+ n across the o mitochondrial membrane M ...
... acid to lactic acid A h – By “shuttling” H+ into the mitochondria e • A specificirtransport system shuttles H+ n across the o mitochondrial membrane M ...
Exam 2 Review Answer Key
... b. -4kcal/mol exergonic c. +4kcal/mol exergonic d. -4kcal/mol endergonic 4. T/F competitive inhibitors bind the active site of an enzyme while noncompetitive inhibitors bind an allosteric site Ch. 7.1-7.2: Respiration 5. If cyanide is added to a cell, will NADH and FADH2 be oxidized in the electron ...
... b. -4kcal/mol exergonic c. +4kcal/mol exergonic d. -4kcal/mol endergonic 4. T/F competitive inhibitors bind the active site of an enzyme while noncompetitive inhibitors bind an allosteric site Ch. 7.1-7.2: Respiration 5. If cyanide is added to a cell, will NADH and FADH2 be oxidized in the electron ...
MMG 301, Lecture 19 Fermentation
... -- Alternative reactions of pyruvate -- Alternative pathways from glucose to pyruvate -- Alternative starting substrates -- Named according to their final products Examples using glucose as the substrate: Lactic acid fermentations in Lactic Acid Bacteria ...
... -- Alternative reactions of pyruvate -- Alternative pathways from glucose to pyruvate -- Alternative starting substrates -- Named according to their final products Examples using glucose as the substrate: Lactic acid fermentations in Lactic Acid Bacteria ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.