The Immune System
... attacks by foreign invaders these are primarily, how to boost your immune system harvard health - on the whole your immune system does a remarkable job of defending you against disease causing microorganisms but sometimes it fails a germ invades successfully, immunotherapy using the immune system to ...
... attacks by foreign invaders these are primarily, how to boost your immune system harvard health - on the whole your immune system does a remarkable job of defending you against disease causing microorganisms but sometimes it fails a germ invades successfully, immunotherapy using the immune system to ...
Raulet, D.H. 2004. Interplay of natural killer cells and their receptors with the adaptive immune response. Nat Rev Immunol 5:996-1002.
... cells to limit early-stage MCMV infections and to undergo considerable proliferation. Other possible examples of NK receptors specific for pathogens are the NKp46 and NKp44 receptors, which bind the influenza virus hemagglutinin16. These receptors are also involved in recognition of tumor cells and ...
... cells to limit early-stage MCMV infections and to undergo considerable proliferation. Other possible examples of NK receptors specific for pathogens are the NKp46 and NKp44 receptors, which bind the influenza virus hemagglutinin16. These receptors are also involved in recognition of tumor cells and ...
B lymphocyte activation by contact
... CD40 mediated IgM production but, as both full-length and truncated (‘dominant-negative’) versions of TRAF3 have this effect, it is likely that TRAF3 overexpression disrupts the stoichiometry of the signaling complex to inhibit CD40-mediated function [37••]. Thus, TRAF3 may also have positive regula ...
... CD40 mediated IgM production but, as both full-length and truncated (‘dominant-negative’) versions of TRAF3 have this effect, it is likely that TRAF3 overexpression disrupts the stoichiometry of the signaling complex to inhibit CD40-mediated function [37••]. Thus, TRAF3 may also have positive regula ...
Calcium-independent calcineurin regulation
... dependent transcription. The activation thresholds of several genes were measured in terms of T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength; these thresholds were found to be lower in Csp1-deficient cells. As expression of Fas ligand required the greatest TCR signal strength of the genes examined, the conse ...
... dependent transcription. The activation thresholds of several genes were measured in terms of T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength; these thresholds were found to be lower in Csp1-deficient cells. As expression of Fas ligand required the greatest TCR signal strength of the genes examined, the conse ...
Evasion of innate immunity by parasitic protozoa
... Infectious stages of Leishmania do not merely avoid IL-12 inducMacrophages possess primary defense mechanisms—including activation of macrophage oxidative metabolism and synthesis and release of tion, they actively and selectively inhibit it, leaving other pro-inflamarachidonic acid metabolites—that ...
... Infectious stages of Leishmania do not merely avoid IL-12 inducMacrophages possess primary defense mechanisms—including activation of macrophage oxidative metabolism and synthesis and release of tion, they actively and selectively inhibit it, leaving other pro-inflamarachidonic acid metabolites—that ...
A robust, high-throughput assay to determine the phagocytic activity
... (high affinity, activating), FcγR2a (low affinity, activating), FcγR2b (low affinity, inhibitory), and FcγR3 (low affinity, activating). Thus, FcRs for IgG antibodies include both high and low affinity, as well as activating and inhibitory receptors, each of which may have differential affinities fo ...
... (high affinity, activating), FcγR2a (low affinity, activating), FcγR2b (low affinity, inhibitory), and FcγR3 (low affinity, activating). Thus, FcRs for IgG antibodies include both high and low affinity, as well as activating and inhibitory receptors, each of which may have differential affinities fo ...
Lymph System - Andrew.cmu.edu
... Thyroid hormones also play a key role in bone growth and the development of the brain and nervous system in children. The production and release of thyroid hormones is controlled by thyrotropin, which is secreted by the pituitary gland. Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that function toge ...
... Thyroid hormones also play a key role in bone growth and the development of the brain and nervous system in children. The production and release of thyroid hormones is controlled by thyrotropin, which is secreted by the pituitary gland. Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that function toge ...
Tumors as Organs
... expand, they also produce factors that activate myofibroblasts and recruit carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. These mesenchymal cell types, as well as adipocytes, are responsible for many of the tumor-associated changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM). (B) Recruitment of cells of the innate and ada ...
... expand, they also produce factors that activate myofibroblasts and recruit carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. These mesenchymal cell types, as well as adipocytes, are responsible for many of the tumor-associated changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM). (B) Recruitment of cells of the innate and ada ...
Full Text PDF - J
... of bursal follicles. In the second experiment, to detect a single B cell clone response to TNP, we injected TNP-BSA into the bursa of Fabricius of one-day-old chickens, and the chickens were immunized with TNP-HSA plus HSA 3 weeks later. Interestingly, we observed a statistical difference in anti-TN ...
... of bursal follicles. In the second experiment, to detect a single B cell clone response to TNP, we injected TNP-BSA into the bursa of Fabricius of one-day-old chickens, and the chickens were immunized with TNP-HSA plus HSA 3 weeks later. Interestingly, we observed a statistical difference in anti-TN ...
The Regulatory Role of Invariant NKT Cells in Tumor Immunity
... NKT Cells: Classification and Subsets In contrast with conventional T cells, which recognize protein-derived antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, the T-cell receptors (TCR) on NKT cells recognize both exogenous and endogenous lipids presented in ...
... NKT Cells: Classification and Subsets In contrast with conventional T cells, which recognize protein-derived antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, the T-cell receptors (TCR) on NKT cells recognize both exogenous and endogenous lipids presented in ...
Module Two- The biology of cancer Overview Key concepts
... tumour secretion of immunosuppressive products inhibiting the body's immune response ...
... tumour secretion of immunosuppressive products inhibiting the body's immune response ...
Lung cancer-initiating cells: a novel target for cancer therapy
... recurrence. Cancer-initiating cells also exhibit characteristics that render them resistant to both radiation and chemotherapy, and therefore they are believed to play a role in treatment failure. This has led to the hypothesis that traditional therapies that indiscriminately kill tumor cells will n ...
... recurrence. Cancer-initiating cells also exhibit characteristics that render them resistant to both radiation and chemotherapy, and therefore they are believed to play a role in treatment failure. This has led to the hypothesis that traditional therapies that indiscriminately kill tumor cells will n ...
In vitro Induction of Myeloid Leukemia ^ Specific - Bio
... of cognate CD4 T-cell help (14). Whereas advantageous, it is more difficult to produce protein antigens at purity levels comparable with those achievable for peptides; further, if recombinantly expressed in bacteria, such proteins must be free of endotoxin. As an alternative, investigators have used ...
... of cognate CD4 T-cell help (14). Whereas advantageous, it is more difficult to produce protein antigens at purity levels comparable with those achievable for peptides; further, if recombinantly expressed in bacteria, such proteins must be free of endotoxin. As an alternative, investigators have used ...
Biopharmaceuticals: an overview
... have fewer side effects because of their specificity, for example, cytokines, enzymes, hormones, clotting factors, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, cell therapies, antisense drugs, and peptide therapeutics. Emerging technologies in the area of biopharmaceuticals include manufacture of monoclonal ant ...
... have fewer side effects because of their specificity, for example, cytokines, enzymes, hormones, clotting factors, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, cell therapies, antisense drugs, and peptide therapeutics. Emerging technologies in the area of biopharmaceuticals include manufacture of monoclonal ant ...
PPoint - Doctor of the Future
... From Start to Finish 1 – Each significant symptomatic report gives the practitioner opportunity to explain how that is part of a functional issue that can be cared for – this builds a strategy for the case 2 – When results can be attributed to the strategy patients will go further with you into ver ...
... From Start to Finish 1 – Each significant symptomatic report gives the practitioner opportunity to explain how that is part of a functional issue that can be cared for – this builds a strategy for the case 2 – When results can be attributed to the strategy patients will go further with you into ver ...
Chapter 3
... • Body cells infected with viruses produce proteins called interferons (IFNs). – Once produced and released from virus-infected cells, IFN diffuses to uninfected neighboring cells and binds to surface receptors, inducing uninfected cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that interfere with or inhibi ...
... • Body cells infected with viruses produce proteins called interferons (IFNs). – Once produced and released from virus-infected cells, IFN diffuses to uninfected neighboring cells and binds to surface receptors, inducing uninfected cells to synthesize antiviral proteins that interfere with or inhibi ...
The FcRn Protein: From Mother to Fetus
... in humans. This may be able to be applied to any disease that is treated with a protein product. ...
... in humans. This may be able to be applied to any disease that is treated with a protein product. ...
The Pulmonary Center Our research enterprise
... • Stem cell biology and the lung – Embryonic stem (ES) cell and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells – Transitions from stem cells to/through lung lineage differentiation – Generation of iPS cells from lung disease patients to provide insights, tools, and therapeutic options – Emphysema, cystic fibr ...
... • Stem cell biology and the lung – Embryonic stem (ES) cell and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells – Transitions from stem cells to/through lung lineage differentiation – Generation of iPS cells from lung disease patients to provide insights, tools, and therapeutic options – Emphysema, cystic fibr ...
... amniotic fluid, placenta, umbilical cord, and teeth. MSCs show a high expansion potential, genetic stability, stable phenotype, high proliferation rate as adherent cells, and self-renew capacity and can be easily collected and shipped from the laboratory to the bedside and are compatible with differe ...
Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.