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... viral propagation. By contrast, the number of infected cells increases in ATG5 -/-MEFs. Therefore, autophagy, by preventing apoptosis, has different functions depending on the virus, promoting cell survival or inducing cell death. ...
... viral propagation. By contrast, the number of infected cells increases in ATG5 -/-MEFs. Therefore, autophagy, by preventing apoptosis, has different functions depending on the virus, promoting cell survival or inducing cell death. ...
BMC Evolutionary Biology
... analyses investigating the evolution of mammalian sleep durations have produced mixed support for these explanations [3-5], leaving the evolutionary significance of mammalian sleep a mystery. A further idea that has yet to be tested is that sleep evolved through the need to augment immune defences a ...
... analyses investigating the evolution of mammalian sleep durations have produced mixed support for these explanations [3-5], leaving the evolutionary significance of mammalian sleep a mystery. A further idea that has yet to be tested is that sleep evolved through the need to augment immune defences a ...
epstein-barr virus
... differentiate into memory cells and out of the cell cycle, and are not pathogenic. PTLD/HIV. If a cell other than the naive B cell in the Waldeyer ring is infected, it will express the growth programme and continue to proliferate because it cannot differentiate out of the cell cycle (thin dashed arr ...
... differentiate into memory cells and out of the cell cycle, and are not pathogenic. PTLD/HIV. If a cell other than the naive B cell in the Waldeyer ring is infected, it will express the growth programme and continue to proliferate because it cannot differentiate out of the cell cycle (thin dashed arr ...
Type I and II IFNs modify the proteome of bacterial vacuoles to
... Intracellular pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila have developed sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate these host cell processes and establish an intracellular niche for survival and replication. To overcome these microbial threats, host cells and host organisms as a whole have evolved a large ...
... Intracellular pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila have developed sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate these host cell processes and establish an intracellular niche for survival and replication. To overcome these microbial threats, host cells and host organisms as a whole have evolved a large ...
Immunogenicity of Human Amniotic Membrane in
... initially detected in cultured amniotic membrane,4 the manifestation of class I antigen in the amniotic membrane has been reported since then. Although the fetus has semiallogeneic antigens recognized by the mother, pregnancy is established normally in many cases, except in some abortions. Furthermo ...
... initially detected in cultured amniotic membrane,4 the manifestation of class I antigen in the amniotic membrane has been reported since then. Although the fetus has semiallogeneic antigens recognized by the mother, pregnancy is established normally in many cases, except in some abortions. Furthermo ...
Mahmoud Mohamed Mahmoud Badr_final malaria-25
... assessing their role in protection or their potential to modulate adaptive responses. Innate immune mechanisms represent the first line of defense against invading ...
... assessing their role in protection or their potential to modulate adaptive responses. Innate immune mechanisms represent the first line of defense against invading ...
TRIM27 Negatively Regulates NOD2 by Ubiquitination and Proteasomal Degradation
... that NOD2 was readily degraded in a time-dependent manner (Figure 4A, upper panel), whereas NOD1 was not subjected to rapid protein turn-over (Figure S3A). TRIM27 WT overexpression only very slightly influenced the kinetic of NOD2 degradation (Figures 4A, upper panel, and S3B). However, overexpressi ...
... that NOD2 was readily degraded in a time-dependent manner (Figure 4A, upper panel), whereas NOD1 was not subjected to rapid protein turn-over (Figure S3A). TRIM27 WT overexpression only very slightly influenced the kinetic of NOD2 degradation (Figures 4A, upper panel, and S3B). However, overexpressi ...
Anti-HBV Drugs: Progress, Unmet Needs, and New Hope
... The HBV genome is partially double-stranded DNA. The viral P protein contains a RNA reverse transcriptase (RT) domain, which is required to reverse transcribe pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) to viral minus strand DNA. The HBV lifecycle involves many steps and has yet to be fully elucidated. The HBV virion bi ...
... The HBV genome is partially double-stranded DNA. The viral P protein contains a RNA reverse transcriptase (RT) domain, which is required to reverse transcribe pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) to viral minus strand DNA. The HBV lifecycle involves many steps and has yet to be fully elucidated. The HBV virion bi ...
Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
... activated macrophages (M2-polarized) generated by exposure to interleukin 4 (IL-4)/IL-13. In addition, it is known that regulatory monocytes and macrophages that produce IL-10 or transforming growth factor-b are generated in response to glucocorticoids or interferon-g alone.8,9 Advances in our under ...
... activated macrophages (M2-polarized) generated by exposure to interleukin 4 (IL-4)/IL-13. In addition, it is known that regulatory monocytes and macrophages that produce IL-10 or transforming growth factor-b are generated in response to glucocorticoids or interferon-g alone.8,9 Advances in our under ...
Herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, Open Access
... There are numerous small animal models that accurately reflect primary infection, latency, and reactivation of HSV-1 in humans, but no animal model reproduces varicella, latency and zoster. Moreover, VZV is exceedingly difficult to experimentally reactivate from human ganglia. The lack of animal mod ...
... There are numerous small animal models that accurately reflect primary infection, latency, and reactivation of HSV-1 in humans, but no animal model reproduces varicella, latency and zoster. Moreover, VZV is exceedingly difficult to experimentally reactivate from human ganglia. The lack of animal mod ...
Recent Advances in Understanding Immunity
... was observed a partially dependence of these molecules, suggesting that signaling by at least one of these receptors is required to prolong host survival. Regarding TLR2, Giambartolomei et al. [25] have demonstrated that B. abortus lipoproteins Omp16 and Omp19 induced the production of pro- and anti ...
... was observed a partially dependence of these molecules, suggesting that signaling by at least one of these receptors is required to prolong host survival. Regarding TLR2, Giambartolomei et al. [25] have demonstrated that B. abortus lipoproteins Omp16 and Omp19 induced the production of pro- and anti ...
Duration of post-vaccination immunity against yellow - Arca
... permanent or transient immunosuppression, severe adverse reactions following previous vaccination, and severe allergy to chicken eggs), individuals who reported 2 or more previous vaccine doses (even if proof of vaccination could not be provided), lack of proof of prior vaccination, and residence in ...
... permanent or transient immunosuppression, severe adverse reactions following previous vaccination, and severe allergy to chicken eggs), individuals who reported 2 or more previous vaccine doses (even if proof of vaccination could not be provided), lack of proof of prior vaccination, and residence in ...
The Immune-Pineal Axis: the Role of Pineal and Extra
... while the agonist for the MT3 receptor, MCA-NAT, inhibits leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. The adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells is mediated by the interaction of neutrophils with 2 integrins (CD18), with adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed in endotheli ...
... while the agonist for the MT3 receptor, MCA-NAT, inhibits leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. The adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial cells is mediated by the interaction of neutrophils with 2 integrins (CD18), with adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed in endotheli ...
Tumor necrosis factor antagonist mechanisms of action: A
... www.who.int/, or http://www.actr.org.au/. Although different immune-mediated inflammatory diseases involve distinct target ...
... www.who.int/, or http://www.actr.org.au/. Although different immune-mediated inflammatory diseases involve distinct target ...
Echinacea - Standard Process
... Enterically coated to ensure the stabilized alliin is converted to ...
... Enterically coated to ensure the stabilized alliin is converted to ...
Colonic microbiota can promote rapid local improvement of
... interplay between the intestinal luminal environment, the intestinal epithelial barrier and adaptive and innate immune responses. The immune response is the target of most medical treatments for IBD. Glucocorticosteroids, (anti-tumour necrosis ...
... interplay between the intestinal luminal environment, the intestinal epithelial barrier and adaptive and innate immune responses. The immune response is the target of most medical treatments for IBD. Glucocorticosteroids, (anti-tumour necrosis ...
Modulation of immune responses by the tumor suppressor p53
... in expression of fractalkine, a CX3C chemotactic factor for monocytes, NK cells, and T lymphocytes [71]. p53 is also able to repress directly or indirectly the expression of chemokines since loss of p53 has been found to result in overexpression of proinflammatory chemokines such as CXCL2, -3, -5 an ...
... in expression of fractalkine, a CX3C chemotactic factor for monocytes, NK cells, and T lymphocytes [71]. p53 is also able to repress directly or indirectly the expression of chemokines since loss of p53 has been found to result in overexpression of proinflammatory chemokines such as CXCL2, -3, -5 an ...
Neutrophils in tuberculosis
... Science is not always constant and consistent. On the other side some works proved negative to the above mentioned action of neutrophils in TB. For example: no effect on bacterial load in mice with 106 colony forming unit of M.tuberculosis, M.bovis, BCG or M. fortuitum in case of granulocyte depleti ...
... Science is not always constant and consistent. On the other side some works proved negative to the above mentioned action of neutrophils in TB. For example: no effect on bacterial load in mice with 106 colony forming unit of M.tuberculosis, M.bovis, BCG or M. fortuitum in case of granulocyte depleti ...
o papel do estresse psicossocial na ativação imune durante o
... Psychosocial stress has important role in activating endocrine, immune and central nervous systems. Stress exacerbates many chronic inflammatory conditions and is an important risk factor for several ...
... Psychosocial stress has important role in activating endocrine, immune and central nervous systems. Stress exacerbates many chronic inflammatory conditions and is an important risk factor for several ...
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... recruits in South Carolina. These findings supported a reduction in the severity ofthe infections experienced by the military recruits with a substantially lower incidence of pneumonia in the vitamin C group, but did not confirm the findings of a lower incidence of infection observed in previous int ...
... recruits in South Carolina. These findings supported a reduction in the severity ofthe infections experienced by the military recruits with a substantially lower incidence of pneumonia in the vitamin C group, but did not confirm the findings of a lower incidence of infection observed in previous int ...
Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin: an informative biomarker of central
... neurological diseases, in 73 untreated AIDS patients with opportunistic CNS infections, and in 233 treated patients. In untreated patients, CSF neopterin concentrations are almost always elevated and increase progressively as immunosuppression worsens and blood CD4 cell counts fall. However, patient ...
... neurological diseases, in 73 untreated AIDS patients with opportunistic CNS infections, and in 233 treated patients. In untreated patients, CSF neopterin concentrations are almost always elevated and increase progressively as immunosuppression worsens and blood CD4 cell counts fall. However, patient ...
Cancer immunotherapy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Peptide_bound_to_Rituximab_FAB.png?width=300)
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.