Pathogens, Infection, and Innate Immunity
... associated chemical defenses, such as acid in the stomach, prevent most microorganisms (microbes) from coming into contact with sterile tissues in our body. Second, individual human cells possess some intrinsic defensive capabilities; for example, cells aggressively degrade double-stranded RNA molec ...
... associated chemical defenses, such as acid in the stomach, prevent most microorganisms (microbes) from coming into contact with sterile tissues in our body. Second, individual human cells possess some intrinsic defensive capabilities; for example, cells aggressively degrade double-stranded RNA molec ...
Do bacteria have a role in asthma development? EDITORIAL
... Do bacteria have a role in asthma development? J. Armann and E. von Mutius ...
... Do bacteria have a role in asthma development? J. Armann and E. von Mutius ...
An Introduction to Artificial Immune Systems
... determine its stimulation level (based on antigenic and network interaction) 2.2 Metadynamics: eliminate network cells with a low stimulation 2.3 Clonal Expansion: select the most stimulated network cells and reproduce them proportionally to their stimulation 2.4 Somatic hypermutation: mutate each c ...
... determine its stimulation level (based on antigenic and network interaction) 2.2 Metadynamics: eliminate network cells with a low stimulation 2.3 Clonal Expansion: select the most stimulated network cells and reproduce them proportionally to their stimulation 2.4 Somatic hypermutation: mutate each c ...
The role of peanut-specific T cell
... Peanut allergy is a severe, potentially life-threatening condition, characterised by anaphylactic reactions triggered by even minute quantities of peanut. Furthermore, peanut allergy prevalence increased significantly in the UK over the last decade, so safety advice regarding peanut-containing foods ...
... Peanut allergy is a severe, potentially life-threatening condition, characterised by anaphylactic reactions triggered by even minute quantities of peanut. Furthermore, peanut allergy prevalence increased significantly in the UK over the last decade, so safety advice regarding peanut-containing foods ...
Immune Recruitment and Therapeutic Synergy: Keys to Optimizing
... another way to optimize OV therapy. However, preclinical evidence also suggests chemotherapy may have an impact on the host immune response, with uncertain effects on long-term outcome. Clinical data corresponding to the complex interactions among OVs, tumor, chemotherapies, and the host immune syst ...
... another way to optimize OV therapy. However, preclinical evidence also suggests chemotherapy may have an impact on the host immune response, with uncertain effects on long-term outcome. Clinical data corresponding to the complex interactions among OVs, tumor, chemotherapies, and the host immune syst ...
Characteristics of Peptide
... determines whether foreign (e.g., microbial) antigens in that cell will be recognized by T cells. There are several important features of the expression of MHC molecules that contribute to their role in protecting individuals from diverse microbial infections. ...
... determines whether foreign (e.g., microbial) antigens in that cell will be recognized by T cells. There are several important features of the expression of MHC molecules that contribute to their role in protecting individuals from diverse microbial infections. ...
T/F HIV-1 Bx11 - International AIDS Society
... (72h PI, HIV-1BaL, n = 3 - 9 donors) (means±SEM, Two-tailed Paired t test) ...
... (72h PI, HIV-1BaL, n = 3 - 9 donors) (means±SEM, Two-tailed Paired t test) ...
Intravaginal Zinc Oxide Tetrapod Nanoparticles as Novel
... erpes simplex virus-2 is an enveloped dsDNA virus. Globally, it is one of the most common human pathogens. HSV-2 has been found to cause mucosal, ocular, and neurologic infections; however, it typically causes genital infections (genital herpes) manifesting as severe lesions in and around the genita ...
... erpes simplex virus-2 is an enveloped dsDNA virus. Globally, it is one of the most common human pathogens. HSV-2 has been found to cause mucosal, ocular, and neurologic infections; however, it typically causes genital infections (genital herpes) manifesting as severe lesions in and around the genita ...
Exercise and the Immune System – Focusing on the Effect of
... chemokine IL-8, and the activated complement component(C5a) (49). These chemokines attach to their specific receptors, fMLP-R (N- formyl-Met-Leu-Phe), IL-8-R (CXCR1 and CXCR2), and C5aR, which belong to the seven-transmembrane helix surface receptor family (“serpentine receptors”) that transduces si ...
... chemokine IL-8, and the activated complement component(C5a) (49). These chemokines attach to their specific receptors, fMLP-R (N- formyl-Met-Leu-Phe), IL-8-R (CXCR1 and CXCR2), and C5aR, which belong to the seven-transmembrane helix surface receptor family (“serpentine receptors”) that transduces si ...
A New Mouse Model That Spontaneously Develops Chronic Liver
... Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a population of unconventional T lymphocytes that express the αβ T cell receptor (TCR) together with several NK surface markers and recognize glycolipids presented by the MHC class I like CD1d molecule [9, 10]. The NKT cell population is heterogeneous where th ...
... Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a population of unconventional T lymphocytes that express the αβ T cell receptor (TCR) together with several NK surface markers and recognize glycolipids presented by the MHC class I like CD1d molecule [9, 10]. The NKT cell population is heterogeneous where th ...
WHEY PROTEINS AND IMMUNITY
... of the B cells and T cells (lymphocytes); only these cells remember how to conquer past invaders and therefore form the basis of all our vaccines.29 Specific immune defense involves two recognition strategies. The first is the humoral immune response that consists of soluble plasma proteins derived ...
... of the B cells and T cells (lymphocytes); only these cells remember how to conquer past invaders and therefore form the basis of all our vaccines.29 Specific immune defense involves two recognition strategies. The first is the humoral immune response that consists of soluble plasma proteins derived ...
Immunology Program Graduates
... Interleukin-10 in the Induction of Anti-Tumor Immunity: Strategies and Mechanisms Natalya Serbina, Ph.D., 2000 Thesis Advisor: Dr. JoAnne Flynn Role of CD8+ T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection Jayakar Nayak, Ph.D., 2001 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Louis Falo Promoting Tumor-Specific Immune Respo ...
... Interleukin-10 in the Induction of Anti-Tumor Immunity: Strategies and Mechanisms Natalya Serbina, Ph.D., 2000 Thesis Advisor: Dr. JoAnne Flynn Role of CD8+ T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection Jayakar Nayak, Ph.D., 2001 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Louis Falo Promoting Tumor-Specific Immune Respo ...
A dissection of T cell receptor signaling pathways
... understanding of the effects of microgravity on T cell activation and function. The available data strongly implicates a defect in the ability of T cells to respond to antigenreceptor signals during exposure to microgravity but, to date, this has not been demonstrated directly. ...
... understanding of the effects of microgravity on T cell activation and function. The available data strongly implicates a defect in the ability of T cells to respond to antigenreceptor signals during exposure to microgravity but, to date, this has not been demonstrated directly. ...
Optimal immune defence in the light of variation in lifespan
... looked for evidence for this pace of life hypothesis including meta-analyses (8, 9) and single studies with both nonspecific (10–12) and specific challenges and/or immune measures (13–17). When the more specific challenges or measures are used, evidence for the pace of life hypothesis is often found ...
... looked for evidence for this pace of life hypothesis including meta-analyses (8, 9) and single studies with both nonspecific (10–12) and specific challenges and/or immune measures (13–17). When the more specific challenges or measures are used, evidence for the pace of life hypothesis is often found ...
The Most Cunning Parasite From an Immunological Perspective
... Then, B-cells of the immune system make antibodies specifically against the parasite. Antibodies are molecules that can attach to a foreign organism and act like a signal flare, and tell the rest of the immune cells that this organism is foreign and should be destroyed. There are also other immune c ...
... Then, B-cells of the immune system make antibodies specifically against the parasite. Antibodies are molecules that can attach to a foreign organism and act like a signal flare, and tell the rest of the immune cells that this organism is foreign and should be destroyed. There are also other immune c ...
Correlations among measles virus
... immune suppression in few individuals, characterized by polarization of effector CD4 T cells to produce T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines [7–9,11]. Similarly, measles vaccination can also cause immune suppression and predominant IL-4 production in some cases [10,12]. This skewing of the cytokine respo ...
... immune suppression in few individuals, characterized by polarization of effector CD4 T cells to produce T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines [7–9,11]. Similarly, measles vaccination can also cause immune suppression and predominant IL-4 production in some cases [10,12]. This skewing of the cytokine respo ...
Mouse and human FcR effector functions
... their (apparent) main function consists of internalizing (endocytosis or phagocytosis), intracellular routing, transcytosis (by polarized cells), or recycling of immunoglobulins. Notably, internalization of immunoglobulins is a common role for all mFcRs; the only exceptions being mFcRn and mTRIM21 t ...
... their (apparent) main function consists of internalizing (endocytosis or phagocytosis), intracellular routing, transcytosis (by polarized cells), or recycling of immunoglobulins. Notably, internalization of immunoglobulins is a common role for all mFcRs; the only exceptions being mFcRn and mTRIM21 t ...
Analysis of Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes response to human glioma cell
... the first line of defense against infections and tumors by using a fast nonspecific response, that followed by the induction of specific, acquired immune response able to trigger very effective protection mechanisms such as cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity and inducing immunological memor ...
... the first line of defense against infections and tumors by using a fast nonspecific response, that followed by the induction of specific, acquired immune response able to trigger very effective protection mechanisms such as cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity and inducing immunological memor ...
Characterization of TLR2, NOD2, and related cytokines in mammary
... neutrophil recruitment to control the S. aureus infection [20]. In our study, mRNA level of IL-1β also increased sharply after inoculation 6 h pi and peaked at 12 h pi (Fig. 3d), which was in accord with histological examination characterized by plenty of PMNs infiltrating the mammary glands. The m ...
... neutrophil recruitment to control the S. aureus infection [20]. In our study, mRNA level of IL-1β also increased sharply after inoculation 6 h pi and peaked at 12 h pi (Fig. 3d), which was in accord with histological examination characterized by plenty of PMNs infiltrating the mammary glands. The m ...
Full Text
... Various proteins and peptides have been approved or are being evaluated in clinical trials for treatment of cancer. Due to limited oral bioavailability of such antigens, injectable routes of administration are currently being used. Scientists have been exploring the potential of delivering vaccine a ...
... Various proteins and peptides have been approved or are being evaluated in clinical trials for treatment of cancer. Due to limited oral bioavailability of such antigens, injectable routes of administration are currently being used. Scientists have been exploring the potential of delivering vaccine a ...
free article - University of Kansas Medical Center
... A large body of evidence supports the hypothesis that RRMS is an autoimmune disease mediated by autoreactive T cells capable of recognizing antigens normally compartmentalized in the brain. This self-recognition event may first occur in peripheral lymphatic tissue in response to brain antigens leaki ...
... A large body of evidence supports the hypothesis that RRMS is an autoimmune disease mediated by autoreactive T cells capable of recognizing antigens normally compartmentalized in the brain. This self-recognition event may first occur in peripheral lymphatic tissue in response to brain antigens leaki ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.