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Vascular, glial, and lymphatic immune gateways of the central
Vascular, glial, and lymphatic immune gateways of the central

The Thymus Gland
The Thymus Gland

... it weighs about 15 grams, at puberty it weighs about 35 grams; after this it gradually decreases to 25 grams at twenty-five years, less than 15 grams at sixty, and about 6 grams at seventy years. 18 Yet another source describes the thymus gland as a mass of glandular tissue located in the neck or ch ...
Localized Maternal Proteins in Xenopus
Localized Maternal Proteins in Xenopus

... A general problem in generating MAbs to regionalized antigens is that they may be missed in the background of nonlocalized antigens or underrepresented in the presence of immunodominant proteins such as yolk. For targeting proteins localized to the vegetal hemisphere, this difficulty was overcome by ...
Immunization of Specific Antibodies following Mucosal T Cells and
Immunization of Specific Antibodies following Mucosal T Cells and

... Ab responses to usually inert protein Ags are very poor unless the Ag is coadministered with an adjuvant. Mucosal immunization, particularly by the oral route, is hampered by the paucity of useful adjuvants. Cholera toxin (CT) is a strong oral adjuvant that, despite its toxicity to humans, is an imp ...
Crossed signals: the role of interleukin-15 and
Crossed signals: the role of interleukin-15 and

... with disease severity [46]. IL-15 also enhances the TCR-dependent proliferation of IL-17-secreting Th cells (Th17) and Th17/Th1 (IL-17 and IFN- producing) cells [47], which are known to play a role in the development of a number of autoimmune diseases [1, 48]. Therefore, IL-15-induced expansion of ...
A robust, high-throughput assay to determine the phagocytic activity
A robust, high-throughput assay to determine the phagocytic activity

IMMUNOBIOLOGY B cells in early and chronic HIV infection
IMMUNOBIOLOGY B cells in early and chronic HIV infection

... exhausted cells, arising in the context of chronic immune activation, and with features that include expression of multiple inhibitory receptors, a stunted replication history and immunoglobulin diversification, as well as a reduced capacity to proliferate 25. In addition, there was an enrichment of ...
here
here

... the future will be based primarily upon the sequences, structure, and relationships of molecules, the classical gross properties of cells and organisms being used largely to confirm and embellish these. It is only on the molecular level that we see the living world divide into three distinct primary ...
Passive or Active Immunization with Myelin Basic Protein Promotes
Passive or Active Immunization with Myelin Basic Protein Promotes

... control rats injected with PBS in IFA. Morphometric analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and diffusion anisotropy magnetic resonance imaging showed that the behavioral outcome was correlated with tissue preservation. The results suggest that T cell-mediated immune activity, achieved by either ado ...
Modulation of chemokine receptor function by cholesterol: new
Modulation of chemokine receptor function by cholesterol: new

... Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward. Published on January 12, 2017 as DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107151 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. ...
PE 307 lecture notes - Western Washington University
PE 307 lecture notes - Western Washington University

... E.G., Some of mother’s antibodies cross the placenta, last approximately 1 month after birth. Some of mother’s antibodies are carried in the mother’s first milk (the colostrum) ...
Lesson Working regime of microbiological laboratory. The rules of
Lesson Working regime of microbiological laboratory. The rules of

... c.* they are small cocci-shaped unmotile, asporogenes bacteria d. they are capsulated e. Chlamydia are stained with Gram as gram-positive bacteria 5. Choose the correct statement about Spirochetes: a. they contain teichoic acids in the cell wall; b. they are readily stained with Gram; d. *they are ...
Read full Publication as PDF here.
Read full Publication as PDF here.

... To date, the underlying protective mechanisms of helminth products are being revealed and include the induction of regulatory responses in the host [4], probably via the modulation of dendritic cells (DCs), which are key regulatory players of the adaptive immune response [8]. Our previous work showe ...
History of Immunology - Immunologie für Jedermann
History of Immunology - Immunologie für Jedermann

Immunology and Serology
Immunology and Serology

... The specific immune response, also called acquired or adaptive immunity, is a defense system that protects the body against pathogenic microorganisms and other type of disease such as cancer. It allows the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific stimulus, an antigen. Specific immunity ...
Pro- and anti-inflammatory actions in coronary artery disease with
Pro- and anti-inflammatory actions in coronary artery disease with

Chapter 21 - El Camino College
Chapter 21 - El Camino College

... Anatomy of the Large Intestine Defecation reflex –spinal reflex similar to urination triggered by fecal movement into rectum. Emotional state also influences ...
Regional Specialisation of T Cell Subsets and Apoptosis in the
Regional Specialisation of T Cell Subsets and Apoptosis in the

Insurmountable Heat: The Evolution and Persistence of Defensive
Insurmountable Heat: The Evolution and Persistence of Defensive

ch22 Lymphatics
ch22 Lymphatics

... or (immunity). B. Lack of resistance is called susceptibility. C. Resistance to disease can be grouped into two broad areas. – Innate and Adaptive 1. Nonspecific resistance or innate immunity are present at birth and includes defense mechanisms that provide general protection against invasion by a w ...
The intestinal barrier function and its involvement in digestive disease
The intestinal barrier function and its involvement in digestive disease

... are enterocytes (around 80%), the diverse roles played by the intestinal epithelium derive from the presence of other cells specialized in mucus secretion (Goblet cells), defensin secretion (Paneth cells), hormone and neuropeptide secretion (enterochromaffin cells), and antigen uptake from the bowel ...
The decidua—the maternal bed embracing the embryo—maintains
The decidua—the maternal bed embracing the embryo—maintains

... activating receptor NKp46 and inhibitory receptor Ly49s, but not NK1.1 or DX5. It must be mentioned that via maternal blood which perfuses the placenta, both subsets of peripheral blood NK cells could get in contact with fetal tissues. Uterine NK cells have a low spontaneous cytotoxicity, which is i ...
Regulatory T cells - TARA
Regulatory T cells - TARA

... transforming growth factor (TGF)-, by innate cells in response to pathogen-derived molecules3,8 or indirectly, through the generation of Tr cells. An understanding of the role of Tr cells in immune homeostasis is far from complete and there are a number of important unanswered questions. How do reg ...
Marginal zone B-cells, a gatekeeper of innate
Marginal zone B-cells, a gatekeeper of innate

Negative Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling by
Negative Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling by

... was unable to bind to DNA (Fig. 3C) but retained the ability to interact with p65 and Bcl-3 (fig. S5). Ubiquitination of p50Y57A,G60D was dramatically reduced compared with that of WT p50 (Fig. 3D). This was associated with a significant increase in p50Y57A,G60D half-life (Fig. 3E). Taken together, ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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