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Introduction - University of Kentucky
Introduction - University of Kentucky

... against cancer. Other than cancer vaccines, some of these include monoclonal antibodies and nonspecific immunotherapies and adjuvants. Adjuvant means along with another type of therapy. In general, Immunotherapy is most commonly used as an adjunct to other types of therapies but may used alone. Immu ...
Signaling molecules involved in immune responses in mussels
Signaling molecules involved in immune responses in mussels

prevention transplantation coadministered with regulatory T cells for
prevention transplantation coadministered with regulatory T cells for

... observed (although reduced) compared with euthymic mice. These results imply that even in the absence of a functional thymus, the reconstituted immune system can still be functional. However, the impact of Treg on immune reconstitution derived only from postthymic donor T cells was not specifically ...
CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF PLASMIDS ENCODING
CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF PLASMIDS ENCODING

... the lipid bilayer by cationic binding, but exerts its activity by inhibition of DNA synthesis (Subbalakshmi and Sitaram, 1998). Direct interaction with the lipid bilayer was hypothesized after replacing L-amino acids with all D enantiomers. This did not inhibit membrane binding due to stereospecific ...
EMERGING ROLES FOR CYSTEINE PROTEASES IN HUMAN
EMERGING ROLES FOR CYSTEINE PROTEASES IN HUMAN

... the long-standing view of lysosomes as terminal degradative organelles, these enzymes had been viewed largely as collective mediators for terminal digestion of endocytized and endogenous proteins entering lysosomes (30). This was not unreasonable because nonspecific inhibitors of cysteine proteases ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)

... weight of OMP A.baumannii 57.2 kDa responded to s-IgA. An examination was made of the humoral immune response to an antigens-IgA 57.2 kDaA.baumannii. The Dot blot examination and culture examination were based on the gold standard in 110 urine samples obtained at42, 44 with mean cut-off value of sen ...
The Evolution of the Major Histocompatibility Complex \(MHC\)
The Evolution of the Major Histocompatibility Complex \(MHC\)

... recognize and bind peptides. These peptides are displayed on the cell surface to Tcells which initiate an immune response if the peptides are not recognized as self. (link) Phenomenon: The MHC has three paralogous regions in the human and other genomes. What and when is their origin? Hypothesis: The ...
Human embryonic epidermis contains a diverse Langerhans cell
Human embryonic epidermis contains a diverse Langerhans cell

... al., 2009). Our observation that not all HLA-DR-positive (HLADR+) epidermal cells in embryonic human skin express the LC markers CD1a, CD1c or CD207/langerin, prompted us to hypothesize that during ontogeny the LC phenotype is acquired in the epidermis (Schuster et al., 2009), a notion that was rece ...
How Does HIV Cause AIDS?
How Does HIV Cause AIDS?

... choriomeningitis virus in mice and of hepatitis B virus in humans is largely a consequence of specific cytotoxic T cells destroying virus-infected cells. (iii) The function of infected cells may be affected without cell death; in the immune system this could result in aberrant signaling via cytokine ...
Thesis of Rownok_12376001
Thesis of Rownok_12376001

... Amena Akhter, Md. Shahidul Islam, Md. Arifur Rahman, Mrs. Rehana and other members of the immunology Laboratory who have contributed in various ways during this work. Getting through my dissertation required more than academic support, and I have many, many people to thank for listening to and, at t ...
Matings? Immunological Barrier to Interspecies During Pregnancy in
Matings? Immunological Barrier to Interspecies During Pregnancy in

Modulation of Allospecific CTL Responses During Pregnancy in
Modulation of Allospecific CTL Responses During Pregnancy in

... has provided a rich environment for theory and experimentation at the interfaces between mother and fetus, and between immunology and reproduction. Three recent studies in mice have provided evidence that maternal CTL responses to paternal MHC class I Ags are disrupted by pregnancy (2–5). In the cas ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)

... Th17 is stopped by CD4+CD25+ of regulator T cells (Treg) [43, 44]. Then, the ratio Th17/Treg is potent on the decrease of rheumatoid arthritis [45, 46], because IL-10 is secreted in large quantity by Treg than Th17. In addition, several cytokines, anti-inflammatory (anti-TNF) and drugs (NSAIDs, cort ...
B Lymphocytes in Cancer Immunology
B Lymphocytes in Cancer Immunology

... exogenous stimulatory signals. This predisposition to die in response to antigenic signaling or absence of trophic factors is thought to ensure that transitional and prenaïve cells have a limited survival in vivo unless they encounter an antigen that they recognize and that the process of culling au ...
Krishnaswamy
Krishnaswamy

... Onset usually in 2nd or 3rd decade of life We have seen several cases of infantile CVID 90% sporadic, 10% TACI/ICOS/BTK mutations 40% have T cell defects Recurrent sinopulmonary infections (usually bacterial in origin) and sepsis • Gastrointestinal, endocrine, hematologic disorders can be associated ...
A New Mouse Model That Spontaneously Develops Chronic Liver
A New Mouse Model That Spontaneously Develops Chronic Liver

Macrophage programming and host responses to bacterial infection Xiao Wang  王潇
Macrophage programming and host responses to bacterial infection Xiao Wang 王潇

... killing microbes by producing nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and lysosomal enzymes [22]. They can also secret abundant proinflammatory mediators such as TNF, IL-12, and IL-1, which is essential for controlling acute infectious diseases [23]. Activated M1 become efficient APC cells through ex ...
Oomycetes, effectors, and all that jazz
Oomycetes, effectors, and all that jazz

... coalesced around a general model. All major classes of molecular players both from plants (surface and intracellular immune receptors) and microbes (pathogen associated molecular patterns [PAMPs] and effectors) have now been revealed [1,2]. Within the context of host–pathogen interactions, ‘effector ...
Chlamydia
Chlamydia

... a STD that is prevalent in Africa, Asia and South America. ◇ Occasionally, LGV serotype can cause conjunctivitis. ...
Protein interaction networks as starting points to identify novel
Protein interaction networks as starting points to identify novel

... variety of organisms have suggested that proteins with related functions tend to cluster into highly interconnected subnetworks or modules that are conserved among species, suggesting that they represent important functional pathways or protein complexes [57–59]. Thus PPI can sometimes be used to pr ...
How to Obtain Appropriate Executive Decisions Using Artificial Immunologic Systems
How to Obtain Appropriate Executive Decisions Using Artificial Immunologic Systems

... use of scenarios creation techniques. This is of fundamental importance for supporting decisions; Immune system learns pathogens structures to propitiate future quick responses against these agents. The same happens as in new decisions opportunities, when the decision maker can make good use of new ...
CD4 T cells promote tissue inflammation via CD40 signaling without
CD4 T cells promote tissue inflammation via CD40 signaling without

... CD4⫹ T subset readily restored IRI in T cell– deficient mice.4,6 Thus, the question arises of how T cells function in this innate immunity-dominated response and in the absence of exogenous Ag stimulation? T cells may function in an Ag-independent manner by secreting cytokines and up-regulating costi ...
A Model to Predict Cell-Mediated Immune
A Model to Predict Cell-Mediated Immune

... In their resting state, not only are alveolar macrophages poor at destroying mycobacteria but M. tuberculosis can also inhibit their ability to kill phagocytized bacteria, most likely by preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion (3–5). Clearance of resident bacteria by alveolar macrophages is dependent o ...
Cotransplantation of third-party mesenchymal
Cotransplantation of third-party mesenchymal

... and a lower incidence of severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has been observed with UCB transplantation.12-14 It may be possible, therefore, to transplant UCB cells with greater HLA disparities or to transplant multiple UCB units as a mixture to increase the absolute number of HSCs in the graft. ...
Why were we wrong for so long? The pancreas of type 1 diabetic
Why were we wrong for so long? The pancreas of type 1 diabetic

... we were misled by the NOD mouse, which still seems to have a rapid drop-off of C-peptide soon after disease onset. Here is one example where the human and the animal models of type 1 diabetes may diverge. Luckily for us, humans might have a more indolent course of T cell attack or may have superior ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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