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ABSTRACT - Johns Hopkins University
ABSTRACT - Johns Hopkins University

... strength of antigen activation (8). Galectin-3, therefore, is a ubiquitous protein that is involved in every step of the immune response. Galectin-3 and its role in the PDA tumor microenvironment Several studies have demonstrated a critical role for stromal elements in the development of cancer. Int ...
Is the decline of desert bighorn sheep from infectious disease the
Is the decline of desert bighorn sheep from infectious disease the

... a much more direct approach to studying functional polymorphism within the MHC region. Speci®cally, here we examine the amount of variation for a class II (genes involved in recognizing extracellular antigens, including those from bacteria) MHC gene, DRB. This gene was chosen because it is the most ...
Endosymbiont Tolerance and Control within Insect Hosts
Endosymbiont Tolerance and Control within Insect Hosts

Course Content of Biological Sciences
Course Content of Biological Sciences

Response to Recipient CMV Antigen Transplantable and Expand In
Response to Recipient CMV Antigen Transplantable and Expand In

NIH Public Access - Transcell Biologics
NIH Public Access - Transcell Biologics

... Despite the well documented immunosuppressive effects of MSCs, recent literature described a dual role for MSCs as immunostimulatory cells as well [11]. As explained above, some studies have reported that MSC can upregulate expression of MHC II when exposed to low levels of inflammation and function ...
Divergent TLR7 and TLR9 signaling and type I interferon production
Divergent TLR7 and TLR9 signaling and type I interferon production

... (Flt3L), sorted the DCs for both subsets and then examined their morphology by electron microscopy (Fig. 1d). Sooty mangabey pDCs and mDCs showed the characteristic features of these cells described in humans and rhesus macaques15,16,20. The migration of activated and maturing DCs to lymph nodes is ...
Identification of bacterial agent(s) for acute hepatopancreatic
Identification of bacterial agent(s) for acute hepatopancreatic

Role of complement in health and disease
Role of complement in health and disease

... • Type III reaction: this reaction is due to excessive  formation of immune complex (Ag‐Ab complex)  which initiate an inflammatory reaction through  the activation of complement system leading to  tissue damage. • Localized reaction: in case of antibody excess or  antigen antibody equivalence, lar ...
Interplay between the Hepatitis B Virus and Innate Immunity: From
Interplay between the Hepatitis B Virus and Innate Immunity: From

Fundamentals of Immunology
Fundamentals of Immunology

... b. Secondary organs are site of co-ordination of information about pathogens and the subsequent activation of cells. 2. Innate versus adaptive cells: innate cells don’t rearrange genes, adaptive ones do. 3. Myeloid versus lymphoid cells: two general categories define by an early branching decision e ...
The Critical Role of Mast Cells in Allergy and Inflammation
The Critical Role of Mast Cells in Allergy and Inflammation

Complement Opsonization of HIV-1 Enhances Endocytic Lectin and Integrin Receptor
Complement Opsonization of HIV-1 Enhances Endocytic Lectin and Integrin Receptor

... surface receptors) and uptake into the DC (uptake via endocytic events). When binding and uptake of C-HIV and C-IgG-HIV was evaluated against the levels for F-HIV, they showed significantly increased binding to IDC (C-HIV 60% p,0.0005, and C-IgGHIV 89% p,0.005) and MDC (C-HIV 28% p,0.0005, and CIgG- ...
Mast Cell Activation and Migration to Lymph Nodes during
Mast Cell Activation and Migration to Lymph Nodes during

A1 - Ummafrapp
A1 - Ummafrapp

... genotype, diet, and other possible influences on the microbiota. This allowed us to determine whether the indigenous microbiota in such mice had a stable baseline community structure and whether this community exhibited a consistent response following antibiotic administration. We employed a tag-seq ...
A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie
A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie

... lymphoid organs to nervous tissue. Alternatively, the apparent protection of B-cell-deficient mice from prions administered i.p. may result from the absence of immunoglobulins. Complexing of PrPSc with antibodies may favour nucleation (a process proposed to underlie the formation of prion infectivit ...
What do microRNAs mean for rheumatoid arthritis?
What do microRNAs mean for rheumatoid arthritis?

Inhibition of host innate immune responses and pathogenicity of
Inhibition of host innate immune responses and pathogenicity of

Oral inoculation of chickens with a candidate fowl
Oral inoculation of chickens with a candidate fowl

THE FORGOTTEN THYMUS
THE FORGOTTEN THYMUS

... knows that the thymus gland has no function in adult life.' But the evidence accumulated over the last twenty years on the thymus gland's role in immunology is so overwhelming that it is hard for me to believe that there is not some unconscious factor working to deny it the recognition due to it." ( ...
Coupling spatial segregation with synthetic circuits to control
Coupling spatial segregation with synthetic circuits to control

Localization of Receptors for Vasoactive Intestinal
Localization of Receptors for Vasoactive Intestinal

Back to Basics: Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Functions
Back to Basics: Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Functions

... formerly known as CCK-A (alimentary) receptor, which is distributed mainly in the alimentary tract, and CCK2, formerly known as CCK-B (brain) receptor, which is distributed mainly in the central nervous system. Sulfation (adding a sulfate group) of CCK affects the binding of the peptide to its recep ...
Plasma Levels of Neopterin and C-Reactive
Plasma Levels of Neopterin and C-Reactive

... depletion is characteristic of HIV disease, subnormal CD4 cell levels can occur in other conditions [3], which may coexist in PLHIV. This includes active TB [4–6]; however the mechanisms involved in TB-related CD4 lymphocytopenia are unclear. In HIV infection, the main cause of CD4 cell depletion an ...
Novel Royal Jelly Proteins Identified by Gel-Based and Gel
Novel Royal Jelly Proteins Identified by Gel-Based and Gel

... extracted and separated by 1-DE followed by using MS compatible silver staining to visualize the protein bands, even the low abundant proteins (Figure 1). The entire lane was sliced into 12 fractions (marked by red boxes and numbered 112), and proteins in each fraction were identified by HPLC-Chip-Q ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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