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Crystallographic Investigations of the Stringent Factor from Eubacteria
Crystallographic Investigations of the Stringent Factor from Eubacteria

The Schwann cell
The Schwann cell

... Cytokine and chemokine interactions with Schwann cells, as well as expression and production of cytokines and chemokines by Schwann cells, are important in the pathogenesis of several different types of disease of the PNS in normal development and PNS repair. ...
and Function by Progesterone TLR4
and Function by Progesterone TLR4

MS-SCI-LS-Unit 3 -- Chapter 9
MS-SCI-LS-Unit 3 -- Chapter 9

Doctoral thesis from the Department of Immunology, the Wenner-Gren Institute,... University, Stockholm, Sweden
Doctoral thesis from the Department of Immunology, the Wenner-Gren Institute,... University, Stockholm, Sweden

... kept in check so that they are not able to cause disease. The exact biology of granuloma formation is still not completely understood, however, it is believed that mycobacteria in such a condition can be actively dividing or be silent even within a same individual (16, 17). Under appropriate activat ...
The mechanics of shape in prokaryotes
The mechanics of shape in prokaryotes

IMBIM ANNUAL REPORT 2015
IMBIM ANNUAL REPORT 2015

... Anna-Karin Olssons group has found new clues to how cancer causes organ failure. They show that Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) acts to impair vascular function and to promote systemic inflammation. Removal of these tumor-induced NETs restored the vascular function in distant organs to levels ...
T-bet: a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity
T-bet: a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

... tis)) enabled the identification of a crucial pathobiont, Helicobacter typhlonius. Metagenomic sequencing of the colonic microbiome from TRUC and TRnUC mice, combined with complementation and transmissibility studies, confirmed that H. typhlonius was responsible for the colitic phenotype of TRUC mic ...
Susceptible - Defra Science Search
Susceptible - Defra Science Search

... stem of the plant, particularly as the leaf blows in the wind. The tests were carried out late in the season, when there was already a high level of natural infection on the test plants. However, the mini-inoculators could be used by breeders as they provide a number of benefits over the present tes ...
R.Giacomilli
R.Giacomilli

... Chondrocytes in response to changes in their chemical and mechanical environment are activate and after they produce several inflammatory response proteins, such as cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF, and matrix-degrading enzymes including the metalloproteinases and a disintegrin and metallop ...
Autophagy Delivers Viral Antigens for MHC Class II Presentation
Autophagy Delivers Viral Antigens for MHC Class II Presentation

... To address the general relevance and the efficacy of this novel MHC class II pathway, we quantified autophagy in MHC class II-positive human cells and demonstrated constitutive autophagosome formation in epithelial, B and dendritic cells. The autophagosome marker Atg8/LC3 strongly overlapped with m ...
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes

... being destroyed. We now know that most people who get diabetes don’t just suddenly develop it. They have been in the process of developing it for many years, sometimes even from birth. Most likely many viral infections and other factors result in damage and destroy a few more islet cells. As more an ...
Global Proteomic Analyses of Macrophage Response to
Global Proteomic Analyses of Macrophage Response to

... deaths occur annually (WHO Report, 2013) giving TB the highest mortality rate of any infectious bacteria [1]. Co-infection with HIV and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains poses a significant challenge to treating the disease and increasing the survival rate. Thorough characterization of ke ...
Biotoxins: Part 4
Biotoxins: Part 4

... group. The different toxins vary in molecular weight and amino acid sequencing. SEB, for example, has a molecular weight of 28000 Daltons (one reference says 28,336) and consists of 239 amino acid residues. SEA has a molecular weight of 27,000 and has 233 amino acid residues. Toxic shock syndrome to ...
Th2 Cytokines Down-Regulate TLR Expression and Function
Th2 Cytokines Down-Regulate TLR Expression and Function

... TLR2 and TLR4 ligands, and inhibitory molecules such as Tollinteracting protein have been shown to further restrict TLR signaling in IECs (5). Dysregulated TLR signaling in IECs may also be an important pathogenic factor in the development of chronic intestinal inflammation (12). Breaks within the i ...
Orally Used Aminoglycosides
Orally Used Aminoglycosides

...  Vuillemin coined the term “antibiosis” which literally means “against life” as a “survival of the fittest” concept of natural selection.  Antibiotics are produced by microorganisms or are synthetic analogs.  Antibiotics (at low concentrations) have the ability to inhibit the growth and/or kill o ...
Immune response on rabbit does of different genetic
Immune response on rabbit does of different genetic

... to 28 dpp. Moreover, counts of total B and CD5+ lymphocytes in rabbit does weaned at 42 dpp correlated with their body condition, unlike that observed in rabbit does weaned at 28 dpp. Some correlations between lymphocyte counts in both groups of does and weaning rabbits were observed. At weaning, th ...
Sending a message: extracellular vesicles of pathogenic protozoan
Sending a message: extracellular vesicles of pathogenic protozoan

Major Histocompatibility Antigens
Major Histocompatibility Antigens

... surfaces) present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) . Most CTLs possess both T-cell receptors (TCR) and CD8 molecules On their surfaces. These TCRs are able to recognize peptides when they are expressed in complexes with MHC Class I molecules. For the TCR to bind a peptide-MHC complex two c ...
Giuliana Magri  Characterization of natural killer cell response to human cytomegalovirus
Giuliana Magri Characterization of natural killer cell response to human cytomegalovirus

... engagement delivers inhibitory signals (inhibitory NKR)31-35. Tolerance to self is achieved during NK cells development and maturation through a process called “licensing” or “education”. This process requires recognition by NK cell inhibitory receptors of self MHC class I molecules that are express ...
TLR3 Signaling in Human BDCA-3 Dendritic Cells Results in the
TLR3 Signaling in Human BDCA-3 Dendritic Cells Results in the

... CD86 as well as immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) 3 and 4 as measured by flow cytometry. ILTs are novel surface molecules with implicated inhibitory functions and are selectively expressed by APCs, such as DCs. The surface induction of ILT3 and ILT4 occurred in both time- and dose-dependent manne ...
The Periodic Fever, Aphthous stomatitis, Pharyngitis - (BORA)
The Periodic Fever, Aphthous stomatitis, Pharyngitis - (BORA)

Cardiovasc. Res. 81197-205 (2009) - digital
Cardiovasc. Res. 81197-205 (2009) - digital

Vaccines
Vaccines

... American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) • Infants born to HBsAg-negative mothers should receive 2.5 µg of Merck vaccine (Recombivax HBÆ ) or 10 µg of SmithKlineBeecham (SB) vaccine (Engerix-BÆ ) The 2nd dose should be administered greater than or equal to o ...
Hepatitis B Virus_Surface Gene Mutations and
Hepatitis B Virus_Surface Gene Mutations and

... of natural killer (NK) cells. Production of type 1 IFNs can be induced directly by virus replication via cellular mechanisms that detect the presence of viral RNA or DNA. NK cells are activated by the recognition of stress-induced molecules and/or the alteration of the quantity of major histocompati ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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