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Intro to the Immune System
Intro to the Immune System

... 2) diversity – the immune system can produce a hugely diverse set of recognition molecules which allows us to recognize literally billions of molecular shapes 3) memory – once it has responded to an antigen, the system maintains a memory of that Ag 4) self-nonself recognition –the system typically r ...
幻灯片 1
幻灯片 1

... 4) Molecule mimic effect: the similar Aa sequence between pathogen and human ...
Jürg Tschopp
Jürg Tschopp

... generic mechanism, rather than on the basis of previous ‘remembered’ encounters with an infectious agent. In the early 1980s, immunologists knew that one protein involved in the complement cascade, C9, could kill bacteria, but how it worked was a mystery. Tschopp showed that C9 essentially drills ho ...
Biology I Test: Viruses and Immunology
Biology I Test: Viruses and Immunology

... Have limited enzyme activity ...
bacterial Pathogenesis
bacterial Pathogenesis

... A. Definitions and concepts 1. Disease - damage caused by presence of microorganisms or their products 2. Infection - presence of bacteria in or on the body (note that some use this term synonymously with disease) 3. Colonization - presence of microorganisms at a site (some infer no damage) 4. Carr ...
dipaimmunesystem - Dr. Brahmbhatt`s Class Handouts
dipaimmunesystem - Dr. Brahmbhatt`s Class Handouts

... passive: when antibodies are given to a person or animal from the blood or colostrum from another person or animal. *this type of immunity only lasts for a short period of time. * Colostrum is major source of antibodies in young puppies ...
Non-specific host defenses
Non-specific host defenses

... • Proteins are better immunogens than polysaccharides ...
Microbiology – Chapter 15
Microbiology – Chapter 15

... interactions. 6. Small molecules that are too small to cause an immune response are called haptens. Penicillin is an example. By itself, too small to be antigenic, but it combines with serum proteins and then can become antigenic (penicillin allergy ) ...
Chapter 31 Immune System and Diseases
Chapter 31 Immune System and Diseases

... • Low fevers also make white blood cells mature faster, which is important because only mature WBCs can destroy pathogens • High fevers (103°F or above) are dangerous because at that point, the hypothalamus can not longer regulate body temperature, so enzymes that control chemical reactions in the b ...
Chapter 31 Immune System and Diseases
Chapter 31 Immune System and Diseases

... • Low fevers also make white blood cells mature faster, which is important because only mature WBCs can destroy pathogens • High fevers (103°F or above) are dangerous because at that point, the hypothalamus can not longer regulate body temperature, so enzymes that control chemical reactions in the b ...
common homwework mistakes
common homwework mistakes

... virus cause antigenic variability. Explain how antigenic variability has caused some people to become infected more than once with influenza viruses. (2 marks) The B cells for the old influenza virus do not recognise the new antigens. Scores 1 out of 2 marks. Why? Markscheme: memory B / T cells do n ...
Glossary - MultiVu
Glossary - MultiVu

... A complex MS rating system ranking which allows to measure the disability progression of patients with MS regarding eight functional systems to assign a Functional System Score (FSS) in each of these: pyramidal (ability to walk), cerebellar (coordination), brainstem (notably speech and swallowing), ...
PowerPoint # 3
PowerPoint # 3

... • Killer T-cells- When turned on or activated, they can target and destroy cancerous cells and cells harboring viruses. • Suppresser T-cells- A subset of cells that turn off antibody production and other immune responses. • Thymus Gland- A primary lymphoid organ, high in the chest, where T-cells lea ...
Promising Future Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis
Promising Future Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis

... into medical regimens for autoimmune disease has been investigated as a means for complete reversal of the autoimmune response.  Confirmed progression-free survival was seen in 74% at 3 years, and post-transplant gadolinium-enhanced lesions on MRI occurred in only 8% of cases. However, this study s ...
Mini-Med School 2001
Mini-Med School 2001

Antigens and Antigen Receptors (lecture notes pages 19-24)
Antigens and Antigen Receptors (lecture notes pages 19-24)

... The variable portion of light chains and heavy chains are encoded by gene segments called variable gene segments or V gene segments that are found in the respective gene complexes of the Ig light chain and Ig heavy chain. In different species, there are different numbers of V gene segments. The DNA ...
Host-Microbe Interactions - Ch 17
Host-Microbe Interactions - Ch 17

...  Organism multiplies to high numbers on host surface then produces toxin that interferes with cell function  E. coli O157:H7 and Vibrio cholerae ...
Biocompatibility
Biocompatibility

... • Antigen- produces antibody- stimulate adaptive immune response • Antibody- Serum globulins with wide range of specificity for different antigens-- bind to surface • Monocyte- largest nucleated cell of blood-develops into macrophage when it migrates to tissues • Macrophage- phagocyte--scavenger cel ...
Type I
Type I

... • Interferon alphas are used for treating cancers and viral infections • interferon betas are used for treating multiple sclerosis • interferon gamma is used for treating chronic granulomatous disease. ...
Lecture #14 Bio3124 - University of Ottawa
Lecture #14 Bio3124 - University of Ottawa

... – Lethal factor cleaves protein kinases • Blocks immune system from attacking ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... • Helper T cells activate B cells which produce antibodies that inhibit the pathogens ...
Origins and means of the immune response
Origins and means of the immune response

... • LAT - Linker for activation of T cells • Functional defect of Lat gene results in – • Lymphoproliferative syndrome – LSP • It is manifested by polyclonal proliferation of CD4+ T cells, secreting chronically in excess cytokines typical for Th2 response ...
Virus-Cell Interactions
Virus-Cell Interactions

... Subgroup A infected cells become resistant to superinfection by other subgroup A viruses due to saturation of subgroup A receptor, but are still sensitive to subgroup B viruses which use a different receptor (and vice versa) ...
Chapter 2 Antigen
Chapter 2 Antigen

... • Compared to a normal antigen-induced Tcell response where 0.001-0.0001% of the body’s T-cells are activated, SAgs are capable of activating up to 20% of the body’s T-cells. This causes a massive immune response that is not specific to any particular epitope on the SAg. ...
Question 1 (1 point)
Question 1 (1 point)

... lymphocyte production and very few T and B cells. Other bone marrow-derived cells are produced in normal numbers, and MHC molecule expression on cells appears normal. Transfusion of mature T cells from an unrelated donor who had recovered from a previous infection by the same virus would not be expe ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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