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CD4 and HIV
CD4 and HIV

... • Cluster Designation 4 • Expressed on T-helper lymphocytes – signaling other cells in immune system – healthy: 800~1200 CD4+ T cells/mm3 – AIDS: < 200 CD4+ T cells/mm3 • less densely on macrophages, dendritic cell* and microglial cells ...
Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Proteins
Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Proteins

... of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts , USA ...
versus hydrocortisone treatment in late
versus hydrocortisone treatment in late

... Division of Endocrinology, The Eliscourt Clinical Center and Medical Faculty, Technical University of Munich, Germany Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) results from a complex interplay of genetic, immunological, hormonal and environmental factors. Various genes, including those coding for HLA, may determi ...
All normal, healthy body cells have MHC
All normal, healthy body cells have MHC

Questions from notes: IMMUNOLOGY
Questions from notes: IMMUNOLOGY

... 20. Which is higher % in circulating blood – basophils or eosinophils? 21. What is humoral immunity? 22. What are CD8+ T cells? 23. What do they secrete? What does this do? 24. What characterises apoptosis? 25. Which MHC presents antigen to CD8+ T cells? 26. Are the peptide fragments bigger or small ...
What is the role of class II MHC proteins on donor cells in graft
What is the role of class II MHC proteins on donor cells in graft

... D. It is likely that the patient has an autoimmune disease. 20. Your patient is a child who has no detectable T or B cells. This immunodeficiency is most probably the result of a defect in A. the thymus. B. the bursal equivalent. C. T cell-B cell interaction. D. stem cells originating in the bone ma ...
Antibodies - INAYA Medical College
Antibodies - INAYA Medical College

... • Is the predominant immunoglobulin in normal serum. • Accounting for about 85% of the total immunoglobulin • Is the only immunoglobulin to be transferred from mother to fetus. • Is the smallest antibody which has a MW of 150,000 Dalton • Is capable of binding complement. • Is predominantly produced ...
Monoclonal antibodies-anticancer therapy
Monoclonal antibodies-anticancer therapy

... Three mechanisms that could be responsible for the cancer treatment. A. mAbs act directely when binding to a cancer specific antigens and induce immunological response to cancer cells. Such as inducing cancer cell apoptosis, inhibiting growth, or interfering with a key function. ...
Study Questions – Body Defenses and Immune System
Study Questions – Body Defenses and Immune System

3/12 TCOS IO symposium
3/12 TCOS IO symposium

... considered to be part of the innate immune system. The various elements that participate in innate immunity exhibit broad specificity against foreign agents by recognising molecules not found in the host. By contrast, acquired or adaptive immunity always exhibits antigenic specificity. As its name i ...
Disease and Immunity - Skinners` School Science
Disease and Immunity - Skinners` School Science

... Any molecule that can stimulate an immune response. Usually proteins, carbohydrates or glycoproteins of cell membranes or virus coats • ANTIBODY Molecules made of protein, produced by plasma cells in response to antigens found on pathogens. Each has a binding site with a complementary shape to its s ...
Adaptive immune response
Adaptive immune response

... encountered antigen and changed phenotype as a result of stimulation  Phenotypically defined memory cells are shown to divide more rapidly than naïve cells  There are constraints on the duration of memory ...
Spring 2008 - Antelope Valley College
Spring 2008 - Antelope Valley College

... Describe the two ways in which the complement protein cascade can be activated. ...
INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY
INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY

RECOMBINANT T-CELL RECEPTOR LIGAND (RTL)
RECOMBINANT T-CELL RECEPTOR LIGAND (RTL)

... be a central component in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. CD4+ T-cells are activated when they are presented with small fragments of antigens by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, that are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The APC interacti ...
4A-2 Worksheet KEY
4A-2 Worksheet KEY

... Self-antigens (MHC) – cells tagged with proteins that let the body know they are “self” MHC I – all body cells MHC II – certain immune system cells (B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages) They both have proteins that tell the body their status, but antigens are not from the body and self-antigens ar ...
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA

... They encase the infected cells in a “cage” of “extracellular matrix” proteins where they can stay for years! ...
3-Autoimmune disorders - Light at the End of the
3-Autoimmune disorders - Light at the End of the

... Anti-glomerular basement antibody disease •  A disease caused by autoantibodies binding to basementmembrane antigens of the kidney glomeruli and the alveoli of the lungs. •  Complement activation leads to direct cell damage and inflammation due to the release of complement chemotactic factors (C5a). ...
Advanced Biology
Advanced Biology

... Systemic Memory ...
Teaching Slides
Teaching Slides

... What are “Regulatory T Cells” (Tregs)? What is their role in immunity? How might they be linked with cancer? – Article: “Regulatory T cells and tumour immunity – observations in mice and men” by Gallimore and Godkin, 2007 ...
At its Heart, Homeostasis Is About T Cells
At its Heart, Homeostasis Is About T Cells

... memory. Treatment with this group of drugs has been successful in diseases ranging from transplant rejection and autoimmunity to vascular restenosis. Flego et al. (7) examined the T-cell activation cascade in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and compared it to th ...
Non specific defense mechanisms of fish
Non specific defense mechanisms of fish

... mechanisms of fish • The organism needs to defend itself not only from pathogens that are outside the body, such as bacteria, viruses etc but also from abnormal cells within the body which can give rise to cancers. ...
D.5 Antiviral Medications
D.5 Antiviral Medications

... • As a result of this, the next time your body encounters the same organism, you will be 'immune' to this infection. This means that you are less likely to get the same disease again, or if you do, the infection will be less severe. This is the principle behind vaccination. ...
INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY
INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) IMMUNITY

... Important Cells George Bernard Shaw wrote: “There is at bottom only one genuine treatment for all ...
Immune Disorders Allergies 4 Hypersensitivity Types
Immune Disorders Allergies 4 Hypersensitivity Types

... – Gender – more common in men – Age – more common in the elderly ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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