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Virus and Immunity Webquest
Virus and Immunity Webquest

... 7. What does the viral DNA (proviral DNA) do? The remainder of the animation is detailed. Watch it and see if you can get the meaning. What happens on the ribosomes of the cell’s ER (endoplasmic reticulum)? ...
anatomy of the immune system
anatomy of the immune system

... holes, the cell will die, because water rushing inside the cell will induce osmotic swelling, and an influx of calcium may trigger apoptosis. ...
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis

Chapter 3
Chapter 3

... type, called a plasma cell. The plasma cell is still committed to making antibodies of the same specificity, but it is a larger, more active cell (about 10 to 12 microns in diameter), and secretes a large amount of the antibodies, namely about 2000 antibody molecules per cell per second. The selecti ...
Immunogenetics
Immunogenetics

... maturing: after it has been stimulated to divide by an antigen, somatic hypermutation occurs to modify the antigen binding region. – Those cells that bind the antigen most tightly survive and divide more than the others. This process is called “affinity maturation”. – It is triggered by the enzyme “ ...
Immunogenetics
Immunogenetics

... after it has been stimulated to divide by an antigen, somatic hypermutation occurs to modify the antigen binding region. Those cells that bind the antigen most tightly survive and divide more than the others. This process is called “affinity maturation”. It is triggered by the enzyme “activation-ind ...
Sept2_Lecture3
Sept2_Lecture3

... Upon infection, one of the clones generated by VDJ recombination might fit a pathogen epitope like Cinderella’s slipper ...
Acquired immunity
Acquired immunity

... Gradually HIV kills T-Cells and weakens a persons immune response. ...
Animal Diseases
Animal Diseases

...  These cells react to foreign substances by releasing chemicals that kill the pathogen or inactivate the foreign substance ...
Animal Diseases
Animal Diseases

...  These cells react to foreign substances by releasing chemicals that kill the pathogen or inactivate the foreign substance ...
PROKARYTOTES EUKARYOTES
PROKARYTOTES EUKARYOTES

... 1. Bacterial are treated with primary stain, crystal violet 2. Cells are treated with mordant stain, potassium iodide and iodine, which forms a complex with the crystal violet 3. Cells are decolourised by brief treatment with ethanol. Gram +ve cells but not Gram –ve cells retain some of the crystal ...
Antigen arrays for antibody profiling - Robinson Lab
Antigen arrays for antibody profiling - Robinson Lab

introduction and overview
introduction and overview

... responses Diversification: converting one response into multiple types Turning responses off so that they don’t get out of control Memory The ability to respond to a changing environment by inventing new Ag receptors ...
Introduction to a review series on advances in cell
Introduction to a review series on advances in cell

... infusion of spleen cells from a healthy mouse could protect irradiated mice from lethal marrow failure.1 However, the idea that cell transfer could result in complete marrow was so revolutionary that many preferred the explanation that the protection was mediated by transfer of marrowstimulating hor ...
Purification of Antibodies
Purification of Antibodies

... concentrations of immunoglobulin directed against the target antigen, such antisera also always contain antibodies directed against other antigens. In addition, the immunoglobulins in antisera may bind with low avidity to molecules that are not true target antigens. For these and other reasons, anti ...
Preventing Communicable Diseases
Preventing Communicable Diseases

... may collect at the site of inflammation as a response to bacteria. ...
Lecture 12Immune Responses to Viral Infections
Lecture 12Immune Responses to Viral Infections

Sensory and Immune systems
Sensory and Immune systems

... cell body, dendrites, the axon, and presynaptic terminal The cell body (soma) is the metabolic center of the cell. It contains the nucleus which stores the genes of the cell, as well as the endoplasmic reticulum, an extension of the nucleus where the cell’s proteins are synthesized. The cell body gi ...
Chapter 24 The Immune System
Chapter 24 The Immune System

... A “cocktail” of three separate drugs, the current treatment for people living with HIV ...
Viruses - Biology with Ms. Murillo
Viruses - Biology with Ms. Murillo

... Some viruses replicate by another method, called lysogenic infection. a. Just like in the lytic cycle, the virus injects DNA into the host cell. However, what is different about the next step(s) of the lysogenic cycle? The viral DNA is integrated in to the host DNA and lays dormant for a period of t ...
From Immunity and Vaccines to Mammalian
From Immunity and Vaccines to Mammalian

Briefformular INSTITUT Word
Briefformular INSTITUT Word

... Immunology of atherosclerosis In the group of Georg Wick, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria, a postdoc position for a T cell immunologist is available for 3 years starting on October 1, 2007. In the group, cutting edge research ...
the_large_1 - Salk Institute
the_large_1 - Salk Institute

... antigen. In this case, both suppression and help would be regulated antigen-by-antigen leaving no way for epitopes to sort the paratopic repertoire. This leads to two conclusions: 1 – Suppression which functions antigen-by-antigen, not epitope-by-epitope, cannot be the mechanism that purges anti-NT ...
Immunity
Immunity

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

... Active and Passive Immunity Artificial passive immunity Used when a very rapid immune response is needed e.g. after infection with tetanus. Human antibodies are injected. In the case of tetanus these are antitoxin antibodies. Antibodies come from blood donors who have recently had the tetanus vacci ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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