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Type of immune response
Type of immune response

... B cells: Mature into plasma cells, secrete antibody (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD) T cells: T helper - produce stimulatory and regulatory cytokines T cells: T cytotoxic/suppressor – contact-dependent cytotoxicity, regulation of immune response NK cells: direct killing of cells (innate arm of IS) ...
MATURE T-LYMPHOCYTE MARKERS
MATURE T-LYMPHOCYTE MARKERS

... a particular T-cell response, as it does in response to parasites and allergens, one may observe T-cell proliferation, but this proliferation may be restricted only to certain subsets of T cells (i.e., Th2 T-cell clones). ...
Cell Interactions in Specific Immune Responses
Cell Interactions in Specific Immune Responses

... Stimulators of Hematopoiesis Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSF) • Granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) promotes growth and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors • Macrophage CSF (M-CSF) is involved in development and function of monocytes and macrophages • Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) stimulates produ ...
Document
Document

... and the peripheral blood that carries the responding immune cells and antibodies back to the site of infection. The simulation uses seven agent types and twenty signals to represent Parenchymal Cells, B-Cells, T-Cells, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Natural Killer Cells and the virus, and pro- and an ...
defence mechanism of gingiva
defence mechanism of gingiva

... Certain cells in the bloodstream and in the tissues are capable of engulfing and digesting foreign material. Initially, potential pathogens encounter plasma factors such as complement within crevicular or extra-cellular fluids. The result is initiations of inflammatory processes. If complement is no ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... Processes of microbial pathogenicity at the molecular level are still minimally understood Pathogen proteins identified that manipulate host cells by interacting with, or mimicking, host proteins. Idea: Could we identify novel virulence factors by identifying pathogen genes more similar to host gene ...
ch 43 clicker questions
ch 43 clicker questions

... To genetically engineer pigs to become sources of organs and tissue for transplantation to humans, it will be necessary to replace pig genes with the human version for a) the MHC loci. b) the immunoglobulin genes. c) the T cell receptor genes. ...
T-cell activation - Molecular and Cell Biology
T-cell activation - Molecular and Cell Biology

antigens
antigens

All normal, healthy body cells have MHC
All normal, healthy body cells have MHC

... diffuse across the target cell’s hydrophobic membrane because the plasma membrane is made of lipids, and that hormone B is lipid-soluble and can diffuse across the plasma membrane but must be carried via transport proteins through the blood. Aligned to: LO 4.9 CA 4.9: Predict Effects of Changes to B ...
Introduction - Virtual Medical Academy
Introduction - Virtual Medical Academy

... A subsequent encounter with the same antigen triggers a more rapid, secondary response, of greater magnitude ( some lymphocytes that form during a first time is set for a future battle with the same pathogen) . nb Recognition of self and non-self cells (an immune response normally is not made agains ...
AP Bio Viruses and bacteria
AP Bio Viruses and bacteria

... genomes have an envelope, as do some with DNA genomes. Some enveloped viruses enter the host cell by fusion of the envelope with the cell’s plasma membrane, similar to endocytosis. ...
Characterization of the mycobacterial lipids presented by
Characterization of the mycobacterial lipids presented by

... Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) - a causative agent of tuberculosis, are characterized by exceptionally high content of lipids in their cell walls. Several mycobacterial lipid antigens have been found to be associated with group I CD1 molecules - non-polymorphic, MHC class I ...
chapter 22 - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
chapter 22 - Fullfrontalanatomy.com

... External Barriers to Invasion 1. The ________ is an inhospitable environment for ______________ growth 2. ________, _________ _________, and _____________ defend mucous membranes against microbes (Figure 22-2) B. ___________________ Internal Defenses Combat ____________ 1. __________________ cells a ...
Immunological Defence Mechanisms Against Biological
Immunological Defence Mechanisms Against Biological

Millie.Hughes-Fulford@ucsf.edu
[email protected]

... •   Osteoblasts  had  reduced  growth  in  spaceflight  and  had  reduced  gene  expression  of  key  bone   growth  factors.     •   Several  other  studies  have  shown  that  osteoblasts  have  reduced  growth  in  microgravity  and   ...
Ac-225 and her daughters: the many faces of Shiva
Ac-225 and her daughters: the many faces of Shiva

... further increase the chances of a cytotoxic event occurring. In a variety of cancer models studied in vitro, a specific antibody that is labeled with Ac-225 is approximately 1000 times more potent on a mCi basis than the same antibody labeled with Bi-213 which emits only a single alpha and which has ...
Adaptive immune response
Adaptive immune response

...  Positive selection: recognize MHC survive  Negative selection: react against to self-antigens on MHC killed  2% of initial T-cell precursors  T-cells manage the immune response B-cells: are sorted in the marrow by an incompletely understood process ...
Human Defence System - Mr Murphy`s Science Blog
Human Defence System - Mr Murphy`s Science Blog

... time •If a second similar antigen enters the body, these lymphocytes can rapidly produce large amounts of the specific antibody •First contact with an antigen, it takes 14 days to produce the maximum number of antibodies •The next time, antibodies are produced in large numbers in about 5 days ...
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System

... Released by plasma cells derived from activated B lymphocytes ...
"Autoimmune Disease". - University of St Andrews
"Autoimmune Disease". - University of St Andrews

... self-tolerance, although the mechanisms of this breakdown may not be the same in each case and, in any event, are still not fully understood. The mechanisms of tolerance are considered in the next section. Autoimmunity is characterized by the inappropriate or excessive activity of immune effector cel ...
Biology of Plants
Biology of Plants

... • Fixing nitrogen- incorporating nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds • Autotrophic bacteria major contributor to global carbon balance (more than 90% other than that associated with human activity comes from bacteria and fungi) • Decomposers (natural and toxins)patroleum, pesticides, mercury, and d ...
File
File

AntibodyNoTP
AntibodyNoTP

... (Also differences in constant regions of kappa and lambda light chains) 2. Different individual mouse strains (or different people): Anti-allotype Antibodies (Antibodies from one person would raise anti-antibodies in a non-identical twin recipient) (1 and 2: Like any other proteins with multiple mol ...
Worked on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Worked on Tobacco Mosaic Virus

... • Prion – viral proteins that cause diseases. Scrapie in sheep degrades nervous system. Mad Cow disease (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy) in cows – puts holes into brain. – In humans, its Creutzfeld-Jakob disease & Kuru. ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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