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ACTIVATION OF HUMAN NATURAL KILLER CELLS BY
ACTIVATION OF HUMAN NATURAL KILLER CELLS BY

... PfSL, correlating with rapid iRBC activation of CD3-CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells to produce IFN-y. There is marked heterogeneity between donors in the magnitude of the NK-IFN-y response not correlating with mitogen or cytokine-induced NK activation or prior malaria exposure. The NK-IFN-y response ...
Lightfield (2011) I&I
Lightfield (2011) I&I

... [IPAF]) responds to the cytosolic presence of bacterial proteins such as flagellin or the inner rod component of bacterial type III secretion systems (e.g., Salmonella PrgJ). In some instances, such as infection with Legionella pneumophila, the activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome requires the prese ...
Signaling pathways
Signaling pathways

... Mechanisms by which NF-B activation can contribute to leukaemia and lymphogenesis ...
The circadian clock and asthma
The circadian clock and asthma

... Figure 1 (A) The output from the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain serves as a source of timing information to permit peripheral clocks to ‘track’ day and night, as they lack light input. The molecular circadian clock consist interlocking transcriptional and t ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
ABSTRACT Title of Document:

... NFAT IN CD8+ ANERGIC T CELLS. By Mathangi Srinivasan ...
Lesson 65. Organ transplantation
Lesson 65. Organ transplantation

... Transplantation is the process of taking a graft which may be a cell, tissue or an organ – from one site and placing it at another site in the same individual and or taking a graft – cell, tissue or organ from one individual – the donor and placing into another individual – the recipient. Graft can ...
soy sauce
soy sauce

... 2. Methionine is essential for fatty acid metabolism. 3. Intake of methionine  choline synthesis for fatty acid hydrolysis  activation of fatty acid hydrolysis  removal of fat on fatty liver 4. Additional effect : removal of aldehyde from alcohol and nicotine toxin in tobacco ...
Characterization of TLR2, NOD2, and related cytokines in mammary
Characterization of TLR2, NOD2, and related cytokines in mammary

... innate immune response and accelerate elimination of bacteria. The higher NOD2 expression in the mammary tissues is an indication of the S. aureus recognition and immune response against the pathogen. TNF-α early up-regulation is crucial for the prompt defense against invading pathogens. IL-1β pla ...
Role of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathway in HIV Linköping University Post Print
Role of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathway in HIV Linköping University Post Print

... cells lose the ability to produce cytokines, lyse infected cells and proliferate in a progressive and hierarchical manner. In a mouse model of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV-Armstrong) infection, the virusspecific CD8+ T cells expressed lower levels of PD-1 as compared with the clone ...
Thesis - KI Open Archive
Thesis - KI Open Archive

... regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. The addition of DSCs to the allogeneic setting in vitro also resulted in a reduction in the concentration of cytokines IFN-γ and interleukin (IL)-17, while the concentrations of IL-10 and IL-2 were elevated. There was also a correlation between increased IL-2 lev ...
the effects of thymus and other lymphoid organs enclosed in
the effects of thymus and other lymphoid organs enclosed in

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Essential Microbiology
Essential Microbiology

CCAC guidelines on: antibody production, 2002
CCAC guidelines on: antibody production, 2002

... specificity. This receptor diversity permits immune responses to a broad range of immunogens. The B lymphocytes, characterized by the presence of specific immunoglobulin receptors on their surface, are responsible for production of the humoral (antibody) response. Antibodies are secreted from plasma ...
Initiation and Regulation of Type 2 Immunity and Inflammation at
Initiation and Regulation of Type 2 Immunity and Inflammation at

Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells under the stimulation of
Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells under the stimulation of

... Infective factors cause the perpetuation of inflammation as a result of the permanent exposure of the immune system to exogenous or endogenous products of virus or bacteria. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be exposed to this infective environment, which may change the characteristics and therapeut ...
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... a diversity of chemokines and cytokines, as well as upregulation of major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) and co-stimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86 [16]. The latter represent crucial molecular checkpoints for orchestrating DC-T cell communication, playing a key role in the activation ...
Evolutionary Cell Biology of the eukaryotic endomembrane system
Evolutionary Cell Biology of the eukaryotic endomembrane system

... The organelle paralogy hypothesis (OPH) proposes that the increase in complexity was caused by iterative gene duplications, followed by sequence divergence and neofunctionalization in multiple interacting proteins encoding organelle identity and pathway specificity. Dacks & Field, JCS 2007; Dacks et ...
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... except TLR3 but also by the receptors for all members of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine family [9]. Hence, in humans, pDC, TLR7/8/9 and all the IL-1 cytokine family are largely redundant for antiviral defense, in particular with regards to induction of protective IFN-I responses [8]. In contrast, ...
Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes: IMGT® and
Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes: IMGT® and

... the T cell receptors (TR) (3) (Figure 2). The IG recognize antigens in their native (unprocessed) form, whereas the TR recognize processed antigens, which are presented as peptides by the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility (MH, in humans HLA for human leukocyte antigens) proteins (Figure 2) ...
Expression of Drosophila Adenosine Deaminase in Immune
Expression of Drosophila Adenosine Deaminase in Immune

Thèse de doctorat
Thèse de doctorat

... Tumors grow within a complex microenvironment composed of immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and other non-malignant cells. The study of the composition of tumor microenvironments has led to classifications with prognostic and theranostic values, as well as the discovery of treatments modu ...
TLR2 and TLR4 expression on CD14++ and CD14+ monocyte
TLR2 and TLR4 expression on CD14++ and CD14+ monocyte

... and to look for potential changes in the expression of toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) as well as cytokine prolactin (PRL) in adult-onset AD, including diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Methods. We examined 21 T1DM patients, 9 patients with LA ...
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EIR 14

... Simon et al. also present new data. More than that, they present for the first time a novel method capable of detecting gene doping in an unspecific way and with high sensitivity. We are all waiting to see just how far this new investigative tool will be used to provide data on the extent of gene do ...
PROKARYOTES AND THE ORIGINS OF METABOLIC DIVERSITY
PROKARYOTES AND THE ORIGINS OF METABOLIC DIVERSITY

Leishmania species: models of intracellular parasitism
Leishmania species: models of intracellular parasitism

... gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. The relationship between such organisms and their host cells is particularly intriguing because, not only are macrophages capable of potent microbicidal activity, but in their antigen-presenting capacity they can orchestrate the developing immune response. Thus, to init ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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