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Immune function of nonparenchymal liver cells - Funpec-RP
Immune function of nonparenchymal liver cells - Funpec-RP

... complement receptor 4), mannose receptor, I region-associated antigen, and other surface molecules (such as CDl3, CDl5, and CD68). In vivo, Kupffer cells are generally in the resting state. Upon stimulation by pathogens or cytokines, they can be activated and have an enhanced function. They synthesi ...
autoantibody-associated k light chain variable region gene
autoantibody-associated k light chain variable region gene

ch21a_wcr
ch21a_wcr

... cells & showed they have special ability to present antigens to & activate naïve T cells. Langerhans cells in skin Dead fruit fly with fungus growing on it because it has mutant are a subtype of DCs.] Toll receptors. …&Hoffman, Cell, 1996. ...
File
File

... membrane, but in apoptotic cells this phospholipid “flips” out and is expressed on the outer layer of the membrane, where it is recognized by several macrophage receptors. Some apoptotic bodies express thrombospondin, an adhesive glycoprotein that is recognized by phagocytes, and macrophages themsel ...
Humoral immune responses are maintained with age in a long
Humoral immune responses are maintained with age in a long

... production through a Toll-like receptor pathway by B-1 or B-2 cells (Fig. 1). All receptors are constitutively expressed, so a B cell can be activated by any mechanism at any time. The isotypes of both specific antibodies and NAbs that bind to LPS include IgA, IgG and IgM, although NAbs are predomin ...
Viruses: Biological background
Viruses: Biological background

... In 1976 in Zaire (now Congo) several hundred people died horrific deaths in a matter of days from an unknown illness. Symptoms in infected people began 2-21 days after infection and often resulted in massive internal hemorrhaging (bleeding from internal organs). More than half of those who got sick ...
(Microsoft PowerPoint - Forum Abstract PDF version [\214\335\212
(Microsoft PowerPoint - Forum Abstract PDF version [\214\335\212

... (Intlekofer et al, Nature Immunology, 2005, 6: 1236), i.e. Tbx21 (or T-bet) and Eomes were strongly increased in CMV-specific human CD8+ T cells. Moreover, as in mice, BLIMP-1, which was initially characterized as a factor that governs the terminal differentiation of activated B cells to plasma cell ...
D. Fredricks and L. Ramakrishnan. 2006. The acetobacteraceae
D. Fredricks and L. Ramakrishnan. 2006. The acetobacteraceae

... Berlin in 1882, Koch tried to convince his colleagues that a novel bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was the cause of tuberculosis [2]. The elements of Koch’s postulates are summarized in Box 1, and it is clear that the authors have left no stone unturned to fulfill these postulates to provide a ...
UNIT 10 MICROORGANISMS READING: Chapter 20 Viruses and
UNIT 10 MICROORGANISMS READING: Chapter 20 Viruses and

... 2. Viruses enter cell similarly to lytic cycle - consists of a small segment of DNA - PROPHAGE 3. Viral DNA becomes additional set of genes - incorporates into host's DNA - replicates with host DNA 4. External stimulus - radiation, chemicals - cause prophage to become virulent H. Evolution 1. Believ ...
Study Guide to Midterm 3
Study Guide to Midterm 3

Premature ovarian failure: Think `autoimmune disorder`
Premature ovarian failure: Think `autoimmune disorder`

Cytokines
Cytokines

... TH1 and TH2 Helper Cell Subsets in the Pathology and Progression of Infection with Mycobacterium leprae Tuberculoid (Cell-mediated) and Lepromatous (Humoral response) Leprosy (Figure 12-14, Immunology, 6th Edition, p. 318) ...
To examine if HSV-infected WT and Atg5
To examine if HSV-infected WT and Atg5

... • By using pharmacological inhibitors of the class III PI3 kinase, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and Wortmannin, MHC II presentation of peptides derived was shown to be impaired in mouse macrophages and B cell line (Brazil et al., 1997) ...
Pathology01-CellDeath-Inflammation-Repair
Pathology01-CellDeath-Inflammation-Repair

... • Endocrine and metabolic – Secretion of acute phase proteins by the liver – Increased production of glucocorticoids (stress response) – Decreased secretion of vasopressin leads to reduced volume of body fluid to be warmed ...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

... or microbeads are coated with HIV antigen and will agglutinate in the presence of antibody.  Dot-Blot Testing utilizes paper or nitrocellulose impregnated with antigen, patient serum is filtered through, and anti-antibody is added with enzyme label, color change is positive.  A rapid, cost-effecti ...
If you Google Auto-Immune disease, you`ll find that it is a process
If you Google Auto-Immune disease, you`ll find that it is a process

... share of disappointments in attempting to give patients a fuller life. Quite simply, both models do not work. In my quest to find a solution for the tremendous suffering that autoimmune conditions bring upon their victims, I first had to admit that what I was doing just did not work. It was so frust ...
Microbes and Infectious Disease
Microbes and Infectious Disease

... Nevertheless, artificially made prionic proteins (In theory, these should not be contaminated with any other organisms.) have been shown to induce the equivalent of BSE in lab animals—but these results remain controversial. There is some good news on this front. In mid-March 2005, the Pall Corporati ...
A23 - Ummafrapp
A23 - Ummafrapp

... appear to have an important role in respiratory tract, skin and potentially gut health. A number of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Type I diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are associated with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D could have an important r ...
Neutrophil Derived Microvesicles: Emerging Role
Neutrophil Derived Microvesicles: Emerging Role

... neutrophil activation [25a, 29]. In terms of NDMV generation during cellular during the events leading to apoptosis, TNF-α alone has been shown to be sufficient to generate NDMVs, through an NF-kB and/or Caspase 8 dependent pathway [27]. Caspase 8 activates Caspase 3, and caspase 3 can activate Calp ...
A Nonpolymorphic Major Histocompatibility Complex Class Ib
A Nonpolymorphic Major Histocompatibility Complex Class Ib

Basic immunology - Karolinska Institutet
Basic immunology - Karolinska Institutet

... components of the immune system cooperate.   To be able to relate, compare and understand experimental aspects of immune­related disease in a clinical perspective.   To adapt knowledge gained of the function of the immune system by being able to analyze and discuss an immunological/clinical case (gr ...
The Interferons
The Interferons

...  The first family of cytokines to be discovered  History: In 1957, researchers observed that susceptible animal cells, if they were exposed to a colonizing virus, immediately became resistant to attack by other viruses. This resistance was induced by a substance secreted by virally infected cells ...
Chapter 12
Chapter 12

... Number of proteins can inhibit cytokine activity ○ Can bind to receptor OR ○ Can bind to cytokine, disabling it  Enzymatic cleavage of receptors and release of these can bind cytokines in the blood - Marker of chronic T cell activation (transplant rejection, ...
Review series on helminths, immune modulation
Review series on helminths, immune modulation

Chapter Outline
Chapter Outline

... b. Influenza (flu) viruses mutate regularly. D. Reproduction of Viruses 1. Viruses gain entry into and are specific to a particular host cell because portions of the capsid (or spikes of the envelope) adhere to specific receptor sites on the host cell surface. 2. Viral nucleic acid then enters a cel ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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