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Cell-surface C-type lectin-like receptor CLEC-1
Cell-surface C-type lectin-like receptor CLEC-1

... (NF-kB) activation via the spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) signaling pathway to enhance or suppress cellular activation, and fine-tune the magnitude and quality of downstream T-cell responses.3 We previously identified the CTLR, C-type lectin-like receptor-1 (CLEC1), to be upregulated in a heart allogr ...
Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Viruses
Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Viruses

... The immune system responds in specialized and distinct ways to different types of microbes to most effectively combat these infectious agents ...
pathogenesis of bacterial infection pathogenicity toxigenicity
pathogenesis of bacterial infection pathogenicity toxigenicity

... microbiology. However, since the late 19th century, many microorganisms that do not meet the criteria of the postulates have been shown to cause disease. For example, Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Mycobacerium leprae (leprosy) cannot be grown in vitro, but there are animal models of infection wi ...
Immunity and Nutrition
Immunity and Nutrition

... drugs use are common causes of poor immune function. However, malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries. Diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity, complement activity, phagocyte function, antibody concentrations, and ...
Chronic inflammation
Chronic inflammation

... (wood, silica, asbestos, silicone,suture…) ...
Expression of hsa Let-7a MicroRNA of Macrophages Infected by
Expression of hsa Let-7a MicroRNA of Macrophages Infected by

... animals, Cryptosporidium parvum. There is a hypothesis that repression of let-7 during infection assist innate immune responses [9]. The other organism is Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite, which can interchange the miRNA of infected host cells [10]. Leishmania major survives in ...
35-2 Defense Against Infection PowerPoint
35-2 Defense Against Infection PowerPoint

... When an organ is transplanted from one person to another, the normal response of the recipient’s immune system would be to recognize it as nonself. T cells and proteins would damage and destroy the transplanted organ in a process known as rejection. To prevent organ rejection, doctors search for a d ...
Cytokine Imbalances in Multiple Sclerosis: A Computer Simulation
Cytokine Imbalances in Multiple Sclerosis: A Computer Simulation

... of cytokines in the blood of patients who have MS through computer simulation. Future research can build off of this model by including more pieces of the immune system and the cells involved in order to obtain a more accurate interpretation of what is occurring. The inclusion of feedback mechanisms ...
pathogenesis of bacterial infection pathogenicity toxigenicity
pathogenesis of bacterial infection pathogenicity toxigenicity

... microbiology. However, since the late 19th century, many microorganisms that do not meet the criteria of the postulates have been shown to cause disease. For example, Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Mycobacerium leprae (leprosy) cannot be grown in vitro, but there are animal models of infection wi ...
MaX Immune
MaX Immune

Tumorigenicity of cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 by
Tumorigenicity of cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 by

... A similar difference in susceptibility to allogeneic CTLs was observed for Ad5- and Ad12-transformed Brown Norway rat cells (RT1" haplotype) as for Ad5- and Ad12-transformed Wag-Rij cell lines (Fig. 2). It seems likely, therefore, that suppression of class I antigen expression by Ad12 region Ela is, ...
New immune systems: pathogen-specific host defence, life history
New immune systems: pathogen-specific host defence, life history

... revolves around two unresolved questions - can invertebrate immune systems be fine-tuned to fight specific infections, and, can that fine-tuning provide protective immunity to re-infection? For the first time, powerful new molecular technologies are parallelling classical immunization experiments to ...
Curr Opin HIV AIDS
Curr Opin HIV AIDS

... in individuals co-infected with CMV and HIV. We found that CMV-specific CD4+ T cells rapidly up-regulated production of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta mRNA, resulting in a rapid increase in production of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta after cognate antigen stimulation. Production of beta-chemokines was associat ...
Introduction and research objectives
Introduction and research objectives

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV

... Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that causes persistent infection in the host. While most infected persons remain asymptomatic carriers (ACs), 3–5% develop a T-cell malignancy termed adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and another 0.25–3% develop a chronic progressive i ...
File 12_01blecturenotes
File 12_01blecturenotes

... Adaptive Defense System: Third Line of Defense  Allergies  Many small molecules (called haptens or incomplete antigens) are not antigenic, but link up with our own proteins  The immune system may recognize and respond to a protein-hapten combination ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... which were not enriched for L. major-specific T cells. The CD11c+, CD8 § –, F4/80–, and Langerin– DC that are colocalized with L. major antigen in our experiments are consistent with the antigen-transporting DC that collect antigen at the site of immunization, transport it to the draining LN, and pr ...
Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA)
Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA)

... A positive ANA test means autoantibodies are present. By itself, a positive ANA test does not indicate the presence of an autoimmune disease or the need for therapy. Autoimmune diseases can be treated. What is an antibody or ANA? Antibodies develop in our immune system to help the body fight infecti ...
Scand J Immunol 2000 Aug
Scand J Immunol 2000 Aug

... [email protected] The therapeutic potential of dendritic cells loaded with tumour antigens for the induction of effective immune responses against cancer is currently being tested in numerous clinical trials. In most cases, the dendritic cells are generated in vitro from peripheral blood mono ...
Mark Berry
Mark Berry

... physician or researcher, he said. Costs of full genome sequencing are dropping at a spectacular rate: 5 years ago it cost a billion dollars to sequence the human genome for the first time; now you can sequence your own for about $2,000 and that price is set to drop below $500 very soon. Medicine is ...
Receptor-mediated signalling in plants
Receptor-mediated signalling in plants

... A highly evolved surveillance system in plants is able to detect a broad range of signals originating from pathogens, damaged tissues, or altered developmental processes, initiating sophisticated molecular mechanisms that result in defence, wound healing, and development. Microbe-associated molecula ...
Mice Lacking H2-M Complexes, Enigmatic Elements of the MHC
Mice Lacking H2-M Complexes, Enigmatic Elements of the MHC

... in endocytic compartments; CLIP is replaced by a diverse set of peptides, promoting a conformational change in the complex and heightened stability; finally, stable complexes composed of class II molecules and a heterogeneous set of peptides are released to the cell surface. The replacement of CLIP ...
CheW
CheW

... Mechanism for robust adaptation E is transformed to a modified form, Em, by the enzyme R; enzyme B catalyses the reverse modification reaction. Em is active with a probability of am(l), which depends on the input level l. Robust adaptation is achieved when R works at saturation and B acts only on t ...
Function and Evaluation of the Immune System
Function and Evaluation of the Immune System

Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

... the globular heads of surfactant proteins A and D, which bind alveolar-macrophage receptors and suppress inflammatory activity in uninfected lungs. During infection, these globular heads bind pathogens, and the presentation of oligomerized collagenous tails (a result of the clustering of the surfact ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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