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Chapters 40,43,45,48 36
Chapters 40,43,45,48 36

... different animal internal exchange surfaces. 2. How do interactions and coordination between organs and organ systems provide essential biological activities 3. Describe both positive and negative feedback, provide one example of each kind, and explain which type of feedback helps to maintain homeos ...
Polarization of the Innate Immune Response by Prostaglandin E2: A
Polarization of the Innate Immune Response by Prostaglandin E2: A

... family includes the cPLA2a, PLA2b, and cPLA2g isoforms. However, cPLA2a is the only PLA2 with specificity of AA and its primary function is to mediate agonist-induced release of AA. Because of its position as the upstream regulatory enzyme for initiating production of bioactive lipid mediators, cPLA ...
Enteric bacterial pathogens Salmonella, shigella
Enteric bacterial pathogens Salmonella, shigella

Interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha induce Fas
Interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha induce Fas

... Fas antigen (CD95, Apo-1) is a 45 kilodalton transmembrane, cysteine-rich glycoprotein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily (1, 2). Binding of Fas ligand to Fas antigen induces programmed cell death or apoptosis of susceptible cells (3-5). Recen ...
Stem Cell-Based Cellular Therapy in Rheumatoid
Stem Cell-Based Cellular Therapy in Rheumatoid

ASCO 2015
ASCO 2015

... What combinations will promote PRs & CRs? •  Insufficient T cell immunity? •  Multiple negative regulators? ...
Immune selection in neoplasia: towards a microevolutionary model
Immune selection in neoplasia: towards a microevolutionary model

20 Blood types
20 Blood types

... Common leukocyte antigens (system HLAhuman leucocyte antigene).  According to WHO recommendations using letter- numeric designation for antigens, whose existence is confirmed by a number of laboratories in parallel investigated antigens.  Genetically HLA- antigens are 4 subtypes (A , B, C, D), ea ...
l e t t e r s
l e t t e r s

... Claire Gordon1,4, Tomer Granot1, Adam Griesemer1, Harvey Lerner5, Tomoaki Kato3 & Donna L Farber1–3 It is unclear how the immune response in early life becomes appropriately stimulated to provide protection while also avoiding excessive activation as a result of diverse new antigens. T cells are int ...
Epiligrin, A Component of Epithelial Basement Membranes, Is An
Epiligrin, A Component of Epithelial Basement Membranes, Is An

... necessarily requires such cells to penetrate the epidermal basement membrane. ICAM or VCAM interactions cannot account for this since these integrin co-receptors are not known to be constituents of the epidermal basement membrane. Recently, the ot3#l integrin has been reported to be the receptor use ...
Evaluation of the Cell-mediated Immune
Evaluation of the Cell-mediated Immune

... to determine the influence of the time of incubation on the cellular cytotoxic ity results. When assays were terminated after 20 and 42 hr of incubation (Table I), considerably different results were seen. Cytotoxic activity was detectable at 20 hr but at low levels. The amount of cytotoxicity incre ...
Infection T Cell Response during Chronic Viral +CD8 Exhaustion
Infection T Cell Response during Chronic Viral +CD8 Exhaustion

... he CD8⫹ T lymphocytes play a central role in the defense against most viral infections. Via their TCR, they recognize foreign peptides bound to the MHC class I molecules. CD8⫹ T cell responses to foreign proteins are generally focused on a few or sometimes only a single immunogenic epitope (1–5), al ...
Poster
Poster

... LPS is a lipopolysaccharide that contains a chain of polysaccharides attached to two phosphorylated glucosamines that are connected to six lipid chains. The extracellular domain of TLR4 (purple/violet) is always in a complex with MD2 (charcoal/silver) on the cell surface (B, above). The binding of L ...
Interaction Of Bacterial Pathogens With
Interaction Of Bacterial Pathogens With

... Of particular relevance to interaction with bacteria is that endocytosis at the apical and BL surfaces seems to differ in several ways. The best-understood mechanism of endocytosis is through clathrin-coated pits. The concentration of clathrin-coated pits is equal at the two surfaces, but pits at th ...
Platelets: killers of parasites or patients?
Platelets: killers of parasites or patients?

Immuun nr 3 2015 - Dutch Society for Immunology
Immuun nr 3 2015 - Dutch Society for Immunology

... the UK and ‘Sport Immunologie’ is unofficially used in Germany, but is nonexistent in The Netherlands. Exercise physiologist Richard Jaspers PhD of the VU University Amsterdam: “Human Movement Sciences teach cardiology, orthopaedia and exercise physiology. Maastricht also focuses on nutrition and Ni ...
Vie Milieu
Vie Milieu

... Downie & Walker 1999, Koropatnick et al. 2004, Montgomery & McFall-Ngai 1994, 1995). In the most extreme cases, hosts can be detrimentally affected, with tissue necrosis or death as the end result of the infection. It is the carefully balanced liaison between maintaining a mutualistic association (b ...
Optimisation and parallelisation strategies for Monte Carlo simulation of HIV Infection
Optimisation and parallelisation strategies for Monte Carlo simulation of HIV Infection

... responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens, dead cells and cellular debris, Cytotoxic T Cells and Helper T Cells, type of white blood cell or leukocyte which has on their surface antigen receptors that can bind to fragments of antigens, Plasma B cells secrete antibodies which effect the destruction ...
as Adobe PDF - Edinburgh Research Explorer
as Adobe PDF - Edinburgh Research Explorer

... 3. Glycans are necessary for interaction of pathogenic and commensal microbes with host cells Pathogen infection typically begins with host glycan recognition and binding by one or more of viral, bacterial, or protozoan numerous lectins. The first identified microbial lectin was the hemagglutinin from ...
Memory CD8 - The Journal of Immunology
Memory CD8 - The Journal of Immunology

... A vaccinia vector is capable of expanding memory CD8 T cells One explanation for the previous result is that immunity develops against ␥-spz which will clear the parasite on re-exposure and thus limit its ability to further expand immune responses. For this reason, heterologous prime-boost vaccinati ...
Excludes Superantigen-Like Recognition Complementarity
Excludes Superantigen-Like Recognition Complementarity

Design of new vaccines in the genomic and post
Design of new vaccines in the genomic and post

... subtractive reverse vaccinology to develop a vaccine against extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) infections. As a first step, the neonatal meningitisassociated E. coli K1 strain was sequenced. This sequence was then compared to that of non-pathogenic E. coli strains, to minimize the potentia ...
IFN-γ + CD4 T Cells
IFN-γ + CD4 T Cells

... candidate. The vaccine will contain Th and CTL epitopes. In all cases the T-helper (Th) epitope occupies N-terminal position and is separated from the cytotoxic T cell epitope (CTL) epitope by a single lysine (K) residue. Where lipid is attached, this is done through ε-amino group of the lysine resi ...
lupus ppt for website
lupus ppt for website

... Interview of a Lupus Patient • What kind of medications do you take? – I take Plaquenil which is an anti-malarial drug that fights fatigue. I also take Advil when I get stiff. I used to take Prednisone, but I don’t have to anymore because my disease isn’t as severe anymore as it used to be. ...
Illuminating Neonatal Sepsis as Age-Specific Systemic Inflammatory
Illuminating Neonatal Sepsis as Age-Specific Systemic Inflammatory

... we found that in contrast to adult monocytes, ECs cannot be tolerized against bacterial activation by low dose LPS and are primed by even low doses of TNF for subsequent stimulation with lipopolysaccharid (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria. The essential clue is that neonatal monocytes in contrast to ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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