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Gene Expression Measurement of Immuno
Gene Expression Measurement of Immuno

... Correlative expression across the dynamic range was obtained within each of the sample types tested (Pearson correlations ranging between 0.96 to 0.99 shown for HTG EdgeSeq Immuno-Oncology Assay). High reproducibility was observed across technical replicates and across platforms (r ≥ 0.94) and days ...
Effects of age and recombinant equine somatotropin (eST
Effects of age and recombinant equine somatotropin (eST

... cellular immune function in horses that may be characterized in future studies. The adaptive component of the immune system is particularly susceptible to the deleterious effects of aging in humans (Pawelec et al., 2000). Aged humans and most animals studied show a significant decline in immune resp ...
The Two Major Structural Phosphoproteins (pp65 and ppl50) of
The Two Major Structural Phosphoproteins (pp65 and ppl50) of

... upper band, is phosphorylated (ppl50) (Nowak et al., 1984a, b). On the other hand, Gibson & Irmiere (1984) found the phosphorylated polypeptide (from the matrix) migrated faster than the non-phosphorylated protein (a major nucleocapsid protein) in polyacrylamide gels containing increased concentrati ...
PDF - WellSpringofHealth.com
PDF - WellSpringofHealth.com

... acid residues from the protective mucosal barrier, thus rendering it ineffective against gut microorganisms, poorly digested macromolecules and lectin exposure (12). The enzyme is secreted by a number of pathogenic bacteria which may have developed the enzyme as a survival mechanism. Because of the ...
Xenopus laevis Antiviral Immunity in the Amphibian Innate T Cells
Xenopus laevis Antiviral Immunity in the Amphibian Innate T Cells

... mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, are being increasingly appreciated as early innate-like responders and immune regulators (1–4). For example, MAIT cells have antimicrobial activity and respond in an MR1-dependent manner to different microbes consistent with their involvement at early sta ...
Natural Antimicrobial Peptides: Pleiotropic Molecules in Host Defense
Natural Antimicrobial Peptides: Pleiotropic Molecules in Host Defense

... of their direct antimicrobial functions [5], not all protective cationic peptides are necessarily working through direct microbicidal action. In contrast, under such conditions, a wide range of functions have been demonstrated for these peptides in the context of host immunity, as will be discussed ...
Genetic variability in the rat Aplec C
Genetic variability in the rat Aplec C

... RNA from the L4 spinal cord segment from five naïve DA and five naïve Aplec rats, as well as from four DA and four Aplec rats 5 days post-VRA operation, was sampled for global expressional profiling. The microarray analysis was performed at the Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis Core Facility ...
Macrophages in Kidney Injury and Repair
Macrophages in Kidney Injury and Repair

... clearing ICs or those adjacent to activated T lymphocytes might become activated, it is less clear how interstitial or glomerular Mφs in non-immunological kidney disease become activated. One possibility is that natural killer (NK) cells, recruited to sites of injury also liberate IFNγ (Fig. 1). Ano ...
Detecting Cytokine Release from Single T-cells
Detecting Cytokine Release from Single T-cells

... ensure the rapid adsorption and uniform distribution of Abs upon printing. Prior to printing, a mixture of purified anti-CD4 and -IFNγ Abs were dissolved in 1xPBS at a concentration of 0.12 and 0.2 mg/mL respectively and supplemented with Tween20 (0.005% v/v). This Ab cocktail solution was manually ...
Autoimmune Responses to the Brain After Stroke Are Associated
Autoimmune Responses to the Brain After Stroke Are Associated

... Key Words: autoimmune 䡲 infection 䡲 MBP 䡲 outcome 䡲 stroke ...
antibody structure and function
antibody structure and function

... The function of an antibody is to bind foreign or nonself molecules. The host can produce a vast array of antibodies that are structurally similar (all are Yshaped molecules) yet unique. This variability was a startling finding because all other protein molecules made by an individual are identical; ...
Review
Review

... One of the major challenges in immunology is the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the discrimination between pathogens and autoantigens. Thymic clonal deletion and induction of anergy or apoptosis of self-reactive T cells upon exposure to self-antigen have been consider ...
Association between Tuberculin Skin Test Reactivity, the Memory
Association between Tuberculin Skin Test Reactivity, the Memory

Respiratory epithelial cells orchestrate pulmonary innate immunity
Respiratory epithelial cells orchestrate pulmonary innate immunity

... downstream host-defense responses. PAMPs derived from commensal microbes or respiratory pathogens and DAMPs generated from cell stress and/or death within both the conducting airways and alveoli are recognized via membraneassociated or cytosolic PRRs expressed in respiratory epithelial cells. The bi ...
Effectors-Role in Host-Pathogen Interaction
Effectors-Role in Host-Pathogen Interaction

Autophagy in herpesvirus immune control and immune escape Open Access
Autophagy in herpesvirus immune control and immune escape Open Access

... macroautophagy provides a route for endogenous proteins to intersect vesicles that form an important part of the MHC class II processing pathway. These proteins are then degraded to generate peptide epitopes which, upon binding into the groove of trafficking MHC class II molecules, are transported t ...
The equilibria that allow bacterial persistence in human hosts
The equilibria that allow bacterial persistence in human hosts

Role of Dental Adult Stem Cells in Regenerative
Role of Dental Adult Stem Cells in Regenerative

... Pioneering experiments of Tavassoli and Crosby (1968) revealed that the bone marrow includes an entity, unknown at the time, endowed with the capacity (potential) to generate histology-proven bone tissue. 7 In a series of seminal experiments thereafter, Friedenstein et al (1974) and Friedenstein (19 ...
Indirect Effects of Viral Infections in Transplantation.
Indirect Effects of Viral Infections in Transplantation.

... • Seasonal trend to BOS that peaks shortly after the peak of winter respiratory viral infections.(5) Marr KA et al. Blood 2002;100(13):4358-66; Billings JL et al. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002;21(5):559-66; Chakinala MM, Walter MJ. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;16(4):342-9.; Garantziotis S et al. ...
Ectopic lymphoid follicles - ORCA
Ectopic lymphoid follicles - ORCA

... G.W. Jones and S.A. Jones lymphoid follicles (ELFs), also known as tertiary lymphoid structures, can propagate local antigen-specific responses within tissues.9,10 Occasionally, these ELFs are named according to their site of development (e.g. inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue; iBALT). ...
Secretion by Human Monocytes Inducers of
Secretion by Human Monocytes Inducers of

... expressing CD14 (Fig. 3B) in STF cultures relative to those incubated in the absence (media) or presence of TT (Fig. 3B). These observations are in contrast to reports showing that incubation of monocytes with LPS increases the level of CD14 expression (21), thus indicating an important distinction ...
Bacterial Kidney Disease in salmonid fish
Bacterial Kidney Disease in salmonid fish

Plasmacytoid predendritic cells initiate psoriasis through interferon
Plasmacytoid predendritic cells initiate psoriasis through interferon

... data indicate a requirement for IFN-/ signaling for the T cell–dependent development of psoriasis. PDC-derived IFN- is essential for the development of psoriasis Because we have demonstrated that PDCs are a principal source of IFN- in developing psoriatic lesions, we next sought to determine whe ...
Parasitic Pathogens
Parasitic Pathogens

... Neonatal Meningitis E. coli (NMEC) • Neonatal menigitis in about 1/2500 live births. • Up to 80% of cases of neonatal menigitis are due to E. coli. • ~80% of the isolates possess the K1 capsular antigen. – a 2.8 a-linked homopolymer of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) – chemically and immunolo ...
Internalization of the Granulocyte-Macrophage
Internalization of the Granulocyte-Macrophage

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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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