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... a sterile environment. And if you do that, those animals actually do live and can reproduce. However, interestingly enough, those animals grow at a very different rate than normal litter-made animals that would have that bacteria or normal commensal microbiota. So it’s very clear that having those m ...
Estimating biologically relevant parameters under uncertainty for
Estimating biologically relevant parameters under uncertainty for

Systems biology in vaccine design
Systems biology in vaccine design

... is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease upon administration to an animal/ human. A vaccine typically contains one or several antigens that resemble a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its derived antige ...
Identification of Immunomodulatory Cells Induced By 670 nm Light
Identification of Immunomodulatory Cells Induced By 670 nm Light

Granzyme A activates another way to die
Granzyme A activates another way to die

... mice. Other cytokines implicated in regulating Gzms and PFN are the IL-6 ⁄ IL-12 family (81, 82). Little is known about what transcriptional factors regulate GzmA expression. GzmB has recently been shown to be expressed without PFN in a variety of non-cytolytic cell (especially during inflammation), ...
Cancer Immunotherapy: Whence and Whither
Cancer Immunotherapy: Whence and Whither

... affinities and with subtly different T-cell–activating outcomes. They both can also interact with CTLA-4 in an inhibitory capacity. The bottom panel shows that antibodies that interrupt the engagement of these surface molecules can reverse their activating or inhibitory functions. ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology

... Granuloma formation is the hallmark of M. tuberculosis infection. Granulomas are formed in response to chronic local antigenic stimulation, and can be observed in different infectious diseases, including schistosomiasis, leprosy, and leishmaniasis (Reyes-Flores, 1986; Modlin and Rea, 1988; Palma and ...
Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host
Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

... KEY CONCEPTS The complement system is another way the body fights infection and destroys pathogens. This component of innate immunity “complements” other immune reactions. Complement is a group of over 30 proteins circulating in serum that are activated in a cascade: one complement protein triggers ...
Human embryonic stem cells and therapeutic cloning
Human embryonic stem cells and therapeutic cloning

... hES cells upon differentiation express the molecules, indicating that immune rejection can be occurred [18]. The strategy being proposed for immunocompatibility of stem cell transplantation is the creation of hES cell bank that will accommodate all different immune types of hES cells for all potenti ...
Soluble β-glucan and heparin as modulators of the immune
Soluble β-glucan and heparin as modulators of the immune

... monoclonal antibody therapy is therapeutic vaccination. The aim of this treatment strategy is to persuade the immune system to endogenously produce antibodies against tumor-associated antigens, rendering exogenous addition of these “magic bullets” superfluous. Therapeutic vaccination has the potenti ...
Human Wharton`s Jelly Stem Cells Have Unique Transcriptome
Human Wharton`s Jelly Stem Cells Have Unique Transcriptome

Metals-and-Oxidative-Stress
Metals-and-Oxidative-Stress

... low EGF levels which are corrected by Cbl replacement  The transcobalamin receptor is upregulated by TNF- ...
functions occur only through constant mutualism with the INTRODUCTION
functions occur only through constant mutualism with the INTRODUCTION

... stimulation of Tregs, which are the most important immune T cells aimed at suppressing immune responses to microbetriggered intestinal inflammation. For instance, it has been reported that several species of bacteria such as altered Schaedler flora resulted in a de novo expansion of mucosal Tregs in ...
MUCOSAL IMMUNITY IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT: INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS
MUCOSAL IMMUNITY IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT: INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS

... of recognizing and eliminating a large range of microorganisms (viruses, bacteria and parasites) and other potentially dangerous agents. The immune response has been historically divided in two parts, one is phylogenetically the oldest and is called innate immunity, and the other is called adaptive ...
diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis with atypical aspects - Arca
diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis with atypical aspects - Arca

Tesi unita 08 - Padua@Research
Tesi unita 08 - Padua@Research

... hampered by some of its characteristics, which make it difficult to be cultured in vitro. Little is know about how T. pallidum causes the syphilis, and in particular how T. pallidum survives within the host despite the immune response, thus giving a chronic disease, remains an unexplored issue. In t ...
Down-regulation of miR-302c and miR
Down-regulation of miR-302c and miR

... To explore the potential mechanisms by which 1,25(OH)2D3 enhances the susceptibility of Kasumi-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells to NK92 cells, we screened the miRNAs that were modulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 in Kasumi-1 cells using a miRNA microarray (Fig. 2A). Two highly down-regulated miRNAs, miR-302c and miR-520c ...
Trogocytosis-associated cell to cell spread of intracellular bacterial
Trogocytosis-associated cell to cell spread of intracellular bacterial

... Orange arrow- second bacterial transfer event. Movie available as Video 1. (B) The proportion of recipient macrophages infected after a 6 hr coincubation with infected cells of the same type (3 independent experiments performed in triplicate). (C) A representative histogram of the amount of calcein ...
Genes that Matter™…
Genes that Matter™…

... encoding the IgM heavy chain, λ5, Igα, or BLNK. Mutations in LRRC8 may be autosomal dominant. The autosomal form of agammaglobulinemia affects both males and females.66 HIGM1 is caused by X-linked recessive loss-of-function mutations in CD40LG, which codes for CD40L, and almost exclusively affects m ...
The immune response during hepatitis B virus infection
The immune response during hepatitis B virus infection

Hematology review Mihaela Mates PGY3 – Internal Medicine
Hematology review Mihaela Mates PGY3 – Internal Medicine

... A monoclonal immunoglobulin in the serum or a single light chain in the urine is found (SPEP, UPEP) and marrow plasmocytosis Hypercalcemia and renal failure are frequent Lytic bone lesions are classical but osteoporosis is more common (alk phos is normal) The blood film shows rouleaux High ESR ...
Current progress in beta-amyloid immunotherapy
Current progress in beta-amyloid immunotherapy

... After immunization with Ab, the peptide is processed by antigen-presenting cells in the periphery and then presented to T and B cells. Epitope mapping of these events following Ab immunization in AD patients indicates that the predominance of T-cell epitopes lies in the central to carboxy-terminal r ...
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents Database screening
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents Database screening

... catheter at 24 h and 48 h post infection. Mice were euthanised by an overdose of inhaled isoflurane at Days 3 and 14 post infection to quantitate bacterial burdens associated with catheters and the surrounding tissues. Catheters were removed using aseptic technique, immediately placed in 1 mL of PBS ...
Hematologic Aspects of HIV/AIDS - hem
Hematologic Aspects of HIV/AIDS - hem

... presence of the virus.17 This has been further supported by data from other laboratories evaluating the potential for adult human stem cell populations to be directly infected. Weichold and Young found that long term culture initiating cells assays (LTC-IC) were not affected by prior exposure of cel ...
Chapter 20
Chapter 20

... Lymphatic collecting vessels contain valves that act as smooth muscle pumps to move lymph toward heart. Travel with veins in superficial tissues/arteries in deeper tissues. Have the same three tunics as blood vessels but walls are much thinner and lymph pressure is very low. They also have lymph nod ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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