Living in the Roman Empire
... example, nearly all Roman cities had theaters that looked a lot like this one, which is in Spain. In these theaters, people sat on stone seats while, on the stage below, actors performed plays with their faces hidden behind masks. The actors wore masks because masks made it easier for the audience t ...
... example, nearly all Roman cities had theaters that looked a lot like this one, which is in Spain. In these theaters, people sat on stone seats while, on the stage below, actors performed plays with their faces hidden behind masks. The actors wore masks because masks made it easier for the audience t ...
Loyalty and the Sacramentum in the Roman
... expressed in an official sense in the military oath or sacramentum. Few explicit references to this oath are found in the ancient texts, and of these, most date to the imperial period; implicit references to expectations of loyal behaviour, often connected with the conditions listed above, are more ...
... expressed in an official sense in the military oath or sacramentum. Few explicit references to this oath are found in the ancient texts, and of these, most date to the imperial period; implicit references to expectations of loyal behaviour, often connected with the conditions listed above, are more ...
The importance of being counted:
... the communities of Latium located on the main trade routes had prospered and Rome, situated at the top of both the Sacco-Lirri river valley trade route and the coastal trade route, had benefited more than most, soon becoming one of the largest cities in the region. 5 Indeed, the archaeological evide ...
... the communities of Latium located on the main trade routes had prospered and Rome, situated at the top of both the Sacco-Lirri river valley trade route and the coastal trade route, had benefited more than most, soon becoming one of the largest cities in the region. 5 Indeed, the archaeological evide ...
aspects of the integration of the periphery in the roman empire
... social stratification and culture, the eastern provinces were marked by higher rates of traditionalism and resistance. The chronological limits are in part chosen by the availability of primary sources and (hence) the state of actual knowledge of this part of Rome’s imperial history. Most importantl ...
... social stratification and culture, the eastern provinces were marked by higher rates of traditionalism and resistance. The chronological limits are in part chosen by the availability of primary sources and (hence) the state of actual knowledge of this part of Rome’s imperial history. Most importantl ...
Marius/Sulla
... o killed supporters of Marius…Marius fled to Africa o after re-establishing control…Sulla returned to Asia Minor Marius was called back by Consul Cinna killed Sulla’s supporters ...
... o killed supporters of Marius…Marius fled to Africa o after re-establishing control…Sulla returned to Asia Minor Marius was called back by Consul Cinna killed Sulla’s supporters ...
Spartacus in the Slave Revolt
... Romans sent reinforcements. Faced with such overwhelming opposition, Spartacus led his men into a final battle rather than surrender. Surrounded by Roman soldiers, Spartacus fought bravely. Mortally wounded, he continued to fight. Finally, he collapsed, his body so mutilated by this last combat that ...
... Romans sent reinforcements. Faced with such overwhelming opposition, Spartacus led his men into a final battle rather than surrender. Surrounded by Roman soldiers, Spartacus fought bravely. Mortally wounded, he continued to fight. Finally, he collapsed, his body so mutilated by this last combat that ...
Roman Labor in Transition: Slaves, Coloni, and Other Workers The
... as the transition from slaves to serfs and the beginning of medieval serfdom, the reality is more complicated. This reading will chart the changes in how the late Roman Empire controlled its farmers, workers, and citizens of all statuses. Slavery In the late Roman period, slaves became rarer and mor ...
... as the transition from slaves to serfs and the beginning of medieval serfdom, the reality is more complicated. This reading will chart the changes in how the late Roman Empire controlled its farmers, workers, and citizens of all statuses. Slavery In the late Roman period, slaves became rarer and mor ...
WS/FCS Unit Planning Organizer - Ms. Smith`s Language Arts and
... won & took control of their land • growing territory = problems • Julius Caesar • Structure= Emperor & military legions to enforce Roman rule in provinces • Traders brought goods from Asia & Africa that Romans had never seen • Roman goods traded throughout empire & Roman merchants became wealthy • T ...
... won & took control of their land • growing territory = problems • Julius Caesar • Structure= Emperor & military legions to enforce Roman rule in provinces • Traders brought goods from Asia & Africa that Romans had never seen • Roman goods traded throughout empire & Roman merchants became wealthy • T ...
WS/FCS Unit Planning Organizer
... from Asia & Africa that Romans had never seen • Roman goods traded throughout empire & Roman merchants became wealthy • Trade prompted coinage which caused an increase in trade as Roman coins were accepted almost everywhere • Building of roads to benefit trade & move military to ...
... from Asia & Africa that Romans had never seen • Roman goods traded throughout empire & Roman merchants became wealthy • Trade prompted coinage which caused an increase in trade as Roman coins were accepted almost everywhere • Building of roads to benefit trade & move military to ...
Julius Caesar - Arizona NROTC
... The period from Caesar Augustus (27 B.C.) to the battle of Adrianople (378 A.D.) Longest period of peace Roman empire had experienced The Empire ...
... The period from Caesar Augustus (27 B.C.) to the battle of Adrianople (378 A.D.) Longest period of peace Roman empire had experienced The Empire ...
Significance and Impact of Ancient Rome and Its Relevance
... towards Greek’s rescue. To not only the allies of Rome, she was a big brother in terms of taking care of them, but she was also helping smaller towns and cities by bringing them under her powerful protective umbrella. Although much of the early foundations of the Roman Empire had Greek influences fr ...
... towards Greek’s rescue. To not only the allies of Rome, she was a big brother in terms of taking care of them, but she was also helping smaller towns and cities by bringing them under her powerful protective umbrella. Although much of the early foundations of the Roman Empire had Greek influences fr ...
Third Punic War: 149 BC
... While Hannibal moved towards the city of Rome, the Romans threw a new army together- this one even bigger, but still untrained. Hannibal moved his armies quickly, and the new Roman army started to chase him from place to place- Hannibal knew that he and his army was better than the Romans- - he just ...
... While Hannibal moved towards the city of Rome, the Romans threw a new army together- this one even bigger, but still untrained. Hannibal moved his armies quickly, and the new Roman army started to chase him from place to place- Hannibal knew that he and his army was better than the Romans- - he just ...
Second Punic War: 218 BC
... While Hannibal moved towards the city of Rome, the Romans threw a new army together- this one even bigger, but still untrained. Hannibal moved his armies quickly, and the new Roman army started to chase him from place to place- Hannibal knew that he and his army was better than the Romans- - he just ...
... While Hannibal moved towards the city of Rome, the Romans threw a new army together- this one even bigger, but still untrained. Hannibal moved his armies quickly, and the new Roman army started to chase him from place to place- Hannibal knew that he and his army was better than the Romans- - he just ...
Roman religion
... Course Description and Objectives: Who were the Romans? And why should someone living in the 21st century care about them? On the one hand the elements from Roman society legal systems, political structures, engineering abilities - that have been incorporated into the modern Western tradition make t ...
... Course Description and Objectives: Who were the Romans? And why should someone living in the 21st century care about them? On the one hand the elements from Roman society legal systems, political structures, engineering abilities - that have been incorporated into the modern Western tradition make t ...
Marius and Sulla
... Upon his arrival in Rome, Sulla suppressed the Assembly. He butchered enemies of the Senate, declared Marius an outlaw and put a bounty on his head. Marius fled to North Africa. Sulla returned power to the Senate, but he had set a horrible precedent. He had marched an army on Rome to settle a politi ...
... Upon his arrival in Rome, Sulla suppressed the Assembly. He butchered enemies of the Senate, declared Marius an outlaw and put a bounty on his head. Marius fled to North Africa. Sulla returned power to the Senate, but he had set a horrible precedent. He had marched an army on Rome to settle a politi ...
Social Hierarchy in the Roman Empire
... chosen few who had been deliberately promoted by the emperor. •They were educated as young men for leadership, learning poetry and literature, history and geography. •The patrician class enjoyed special privileges: its members were excused from some military duties expected of other citizens, and on ...
... chosen few who had been deliberately promoted by the emperor. •They were educated as young men for leadership, learning poetry and literature, history and geography. •The patrician class enjoyed special privileges: its members were excused from some military duties expected of other citizens, and on ...
08. The Punic Wars
... listened to Senator Cato who ended all of his speeches with the terse Latin phrase, “Punicus delenda,” or “Carthage must be destroyed.” Meeting this challenge both prepared and required the nation of Rome to become the Roman Empire. As we begin the story in detail, it’s time to compare combatants: C ...
... listened to Senator Cato who ended all of his speeches with the terse Latin phrase, “Punicus delenda,” or “Carthage must be destroyed.” Meeting this challenge both prepared and required the nation of Rome to become the Roman Empire. As we begin the story in detail, it’s time to compare combatants: C ...
The Spectacle of Bloodshed in Roman Society
... both senses of the word, an eerie yet intriguing phenomenon demanding acknowledgement and attention.”1 Despite the death that surrounded their lives, either from battle or as part of religious sacrifices, ancient Romans also viewed the shedding of human blood as entertainment. For example, gladiator ...
... both senses of the word, an eerie yet intriguing phenomenon demanding acknowledgement and attention.”1 Despite the death that surrounded their lives, either from battle or as part of religious sacrifices, ancient Romans also viewed the shedding of human blood as entertainment. For example, gladiator ...
Fighting for the Empire: Military Morale in the Fourth
... constant brutal civil wars and devastating barbarian invasions on several fronts of the Empire. The mere mention of the conflicts faced by Rome during this time would seem to bring to mind images of a demoralized military, incapable of maintaining any sort of stabilizing effect on a rapidly declinin ...
... constant brutal civil wars and devastating barbarian invasions on several fronts of the Empire. The mere mention of the conflicts faced by Rome during this time would seem to bring to mind images of a demoralized military, incapable of maintaining any sort of stabilizing effect on a rapidly declinin ...
The Roman Army as a Factor of Romanisation in the North
... forts and the civilian settlements related to them were overwhelmingly of pre-Roman origin, mostly Geto-Dacian. In the southern part of the frontier, there was a concentration of place-names ending in dava, characteristic of the Geto-Dacian hill-forts, indicating that the Roman army on its arrival i ...
... forts and the civilian settlements related to them were overwhelmingly of pre-Roman origin, mostly Geto-Dacian. In the southern part of the frontier, there was a concentration of place-names ending in dava, characteristic of the Geto-Dacian hill-forts, indicating that the Roman army on its arrival i ...
Marius` Military Reforms and the War Against Jugurtha
... advancement had to be made while in combat. Mantlets were used with little success; rocks and fire made quick work of them. With little progress being made, Marius became discouraged, even considering giving up until a private from one of the auxiliary cohorts discovered a way to reach an outer wall ...
... advancement had to be made while in combat. Mantlets were used with little success; rocks and fire made quick work of them. With little progress being made, Marius became discouraged, even considering giving up until a private from one of the auxiliary cohorts discovered a way to reach an outer wall ...
Appendix 3: Overview of Levantine Military History, 63 BCE–132 CE
... administrative vicissitudes and armed conflicts. The military history of the region continues to be a blind spot for biblical scholars; aside from a few major incidents (e.g., the revolts of 6 CE and 66-73 CE), military history is of little interest to social historians of the New Testament. I hope ...
... administrative vicissitudes and armed conflicts. The military history of the region continues to be a blind spot for biblical scholars; aside from a few major incidents (e.g., the revolts of 6 CE and 66-73 CE), military history is of little interest to social historians of the New Testament. I hope ...
Western Civ. IE
... may also have given the villages a common name for the first time. Some scholars think that the name Roma or Rome is an Etruscan word, but this is not certain. Although the Etruscans had given them civilization, the Latins at Rome still resented being ruled by foreigners. In 509 B.C., they revolted ...
... may also have given the villages a common name for the first time. Some scholars think that the name Roma or Rome is an Etruscan word, but this is not certain. Although the Etruscans had given them civilization, the Latins at Rome still resented being ruled by foreigners. In 509 B.C., they revolted ...
Robert Avery turns his attention to the Battle of
... Although technically playable for all, the above obviously represents a significant effort in terms of time, space and figures, and is perhaps really suitable only for those players using small scale figures, or for a huge demonstration game. Those wanting a game for a typical club evening could, inste ...
... Although technically playable for all, the above obviously represents a significant effort in terms of time, space and figures, and is perhaps really suitable only for those players using small scale figures, or for a huge demonstration game. Those wanting a game for a typical club evening could, inste ...
The Professionalization of the Roman Army in the Second Century BC
... texts do the legionaries even vaguely resemble professional military men. ...
... texts do the legionaries even vaguely resemble professional military men. ...
Structural history of the Roman military
The structural history of the Roman military concerns the major transformations in the organization and constitution of ancient Rome's armed forces, ""the most effective and long-lived military institution known to history."" From its origins around 800 BC to its final dissolution in AD 476 with the demise of the Western Roman Empire, Rome's military organization underwent substantial structural change. At the highest level of structure, the forces were split into the Roman army and the Roman navy, although these two branches were less distinct than in many modern national defense forces. Within the top levels of both army and navy, structural changes occurred as a result of both positive military reform and organic structural evolution. These changes can be divided into four distinct phases.Phase I The army was derived from obligatory annual military service levied on the citizenry, as part of their duty to the state. During this period, the Roman army would wage seasonal campaigns against largely local adversaries.Phase II As the extent of the territories falling under Roman control expanded and the size of the forces increased, the soldiery gradually became salaried professionals. As a consequence, military service at the lower (non-salaried) levels became progressively longer-term. Roman military units of the period were largely homogeneous and highly regulated. The army consisted of units of citizen infantry known as legions (Latin: legiones) as well as non-legionary allied troops known as auxilia. The latter were most commonly called upon to provide light infantry, logistical, or cavalry support.Phase III At the height of the Roman Empire's power, forces were tasked with manning and securing the borders of the vast provinces which had been brought under Roman control. Serious strategic threats were less common in this period and emphasis was placed on preserving gained territory. The army underwent changes in response to these new needs and became more dependent on fixed garrisons than on march-camps and continuous field operations.Phase IV As Rome began to struggle to keep control over its sprawling territories, military service continued to be salaried and professional for Rome's regular troops. However, the trend of employing allied or mercenary elements was expanded to such an extent that these troops came to represent a substantial proportion of the armed forces. At the same time, the uniformity of structure found in Rome's earlier military disappeared. Soldiery of the era ranged from lightly armed mounted archers to heavy infantry, in regiments of varying size and quality. This was accompanied by a trend in the late empire of an increasing predominance of cavalry rather than infantry troops, as well as a requirement for more mobile operations.↑