Chemistry
... [the term relative formula mass or Mr will be used for ionic compounds] Candidates should be able to: (a) define the terms relative atomic, isotopic, molecular and formula masses, based on the 12C scale (b) define the term mole in terms of the Avogadro constant (c) calculate the relative atomic mass ...
... [the term relative formula mass or Mr will be used for ionic compounds] Candidates should be able to: (a) define the terms relative atomic, isotopic, molecular and formula masses, based on the 12C scale (b) define the term mole in terms of the Avogadro constant (c) calculate the relative atomic mass ...
pdf version - Joliet Junior College
... scale quantities. Task: Write down as many equations you can featuring the mole. Use this information to construct a ‘spider’ (flow) chart illustrating how all these conversions ‘go through’ moles. ...
... scale quantities. Task: Write down as many equations you can featuring the mole. Use this information to construct a ‘spider’ (flow) chart illustrating how all these conversions ‘go through’ moles. ...
Chemical Equilibrium - Request a Spot account
... Notice the arrow in this reaction is pointing only to the right. This reaction is not an equilibrium system. The reaction is said to go to completion. Consequently, the number of chloride ions and hydronium ions formed by this reaction are equal to the number HCl molecules dissolved in water. That i ...
... Notice the arrow in this reaction is pointing only to the right. This reaction is not an equilibrium system. The reaction is said to go to completion. Consequently, the number of chloride ions and hydronium ions formed by this reaction are equal to the number HCl molecules dissolved in water. That i ...
Chemistry - Higher tier - Paper 4 - Sample assessment material
... Look at the diagrams. They show parts of the burette during the first titration. ...
... Look at the diagrams. They show parts of the burette during the first titration. ...
Question paper - Unit A173/02 - Module C7 - Higher tier (PDF
... The sugar is fermented with yeast at a temperature of about 30 °C. (a) The sustainability of chemical processes depends on a number of factors. One of these factors is the renewability of raw materials. Consider this, and other factors, to compare the sustainability of making ethanol by these two me ...
... The sugar is fermented with yeast at a temperature of about 30 °C. (a) The sustainability of chemical processes depends on a number of factors. One of these factors is the renewability of raw materials. Consider this, and other factors, to compare the sustainability of making ethanol by these two me ...
presentation source
... state is usually the most stable form of the substance at 1 atm and the temperature of interest (usually 25 oC (298 K). DHorxn = standard heat of reaction (enthalpy change determined with all substances in their standard states) ...
... state is usually the most stable form of the substance at 1 atm and the temperature of interest (usually 25 oC (298 K). DHorxn = standard heat of reaction (enthalpy change determined with all substances in their standard states) ...
summer fun - West Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District
... CaI2 MnO2 Li2O FeI3 Cu3PO4 PCl3 NaCN Cs3N Zn (NO3)2 N2O HF (aq) ...
... CaI2 MnO2 Li2O FeI3 Cu3PO4 PCl3 NaCN Cs3N Zn (NO3)2 N2O HF (aq) ...
Part One: Ions in Aqueous Solution A. Electrolytes and Non
... Titration = process in which a solution of one reactant (the titrant) is carefully added to a solution of another reactant. Volume of titrant required for complete reaction is ...
... Titration = process in which a solution of one reactant (the titrant) is carefully added to a solution of another reactant. Volume of titrant required for complete reaction is ...
chem 100 class notes - Louisiana Tech University
... molecular equation, (2) the total ionic equation, and (3) the net ionic equation. Molecular Equation The molecular equation gives the overall reaction stoichiometry but not necessarily the actual form of the reactants and products in solution. For example, when you mix HCl with aqueous NaOH, a react ...
... molecular equation, (2) the total ionic equation, and (3) the net ionic equation. Molecular Equation The molecular equation gives the overall reaction stoichiometry but not necessarily the actual form of the reactants and products in solution. For example, when you mix HCl with aqueous NaOH, a react ...
2 H 2
... • Process that allows chemists to predict the qualitative and quantitative outcomes of a chemical reactions. – Qualitative: quality (Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance) of the substances – can be observed. – Quantitative: quantity (mass, length, temperature, volume) of the substances – can ...
... • Process that allows chemists to predict the qualitative and quantitative outcomes of a chemical reactions. – Qualitative: quality (Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance) of the substances – can be observed. – Quantitative: quantity (mass, length, temperature, volume) of the substances – can ...
How do we predict chemical change?
... logarithm. The entropy of a substance can be determined experimentally from its heat capacity at different temperatures. Of particular interest is the value of the standard molar entropy of formation Sfo , measured in J/(mol K) for the substance of interest. This quantity is a measure of the differe ...
... logarithm. The entropy of a substance can be determined experimentally from its heat capacity at different temperatures. Of particular interest is the value of the standard molar entropy of formation Sfo , measured in J/(mol K) for the substance of interest. This quantity is a measure of the differe ...
ΔG - Lemon Bay High School
... Analyze We are asked to judge whether each process is spontaneous in the direction indicated, in the reverse direction, or in neither direction. Plan We need to think about whether each process is consistent with our experience about the natural direction of events or whether we expect the reverse p ...
... Analyze We are asked to judge whether each process is spontaneous in the direction indicated, in the reverse direction, or in neither direction. Plan We need to think about whether each process is consistent with our experience about the natural direction of events or whether we expect the reverse p ...
Chapter 3 Notes
... the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole ...
... the ratio of the masses of the second element combined with a certain mass of the first element is always a ratio of small whole ...
Slide 1
... Analyze We are asked to judge whether each process is spontaneous in the direction indicated, in the reverse direction, or in neither direction. Plan We need to think about whether each process is consistent with our experience about the natural direction of events or whether we expect the reverse p ...
... Analyze We are asked to judge whether each process is spontaneous in the direction indicated, in the reverse direction, or in neither direction. Plan We need to think about whether each process is consistent with our experience about the natural direction of events or whether we expect the reverse p ...
Pauling Scale of Electronegativities for the Various Elements
... When MnO4 is reduced under basic conditions, the first stable oxidation number reached by manganese is +6. Because manganese is a B group element at a nonmetallic valence, it is combined with oxygen and exists as MnO4-2. To complete the problem assuming basic conditions, the two half reactions are b ...
... When MnO4 is reduced under basic conditions, the first stable oxidation number reached by manganese is +6. Because manganese is a B group element at a nonmetallic valence, it is combined with oxygen and exists as MnO4-2. To complete the problem assuming basic conditions, the two half reactions are b ...
Chapter 19
... ignore whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic. If DSsys > 0, the system becomes more disordered through the course of the reaction If DSsys < 0, the system becomes less disordered (or more ordered) through the course of the reaction. ...
... ignore whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic. If DSsys > 0, the system becomes more disordered through the course of the reaction If DSsys < 0, the system becomes less disordered (or more ordered) through the course of the reaction. ...
Toluenediamine
... The direct dinitration of toluene could be achieved using a large excess of fuming nitric acid in the presence of the solvents CCl4 and acetic anhydride and the catalyst “claycop”, an acidic montmorillonite clay impregnated with anhydrous cupric nitrate. The yield after 4 h at 25C was 95%, and the ...
... The direct dinitration of toluene could be achieved using a large excess of fuming nitric acid in the presence of the solvents CCl4 and acetic anhydride and the catalyst “claycop”, an acidic montmorillonite clay impregnated with anhydrous cupric nitrate. The yield after 4 h at 25C was 95%, and the ...
Chapter 4 Lecture Notes in PowerPoint
... In a Chemical Reaction • For reactions with multiple reactants, it is likely that one of the reactants will be completely used before the others. • When this reactant is used up, the reaction stops and no more product is made. • The reactant that limits the amount of product is called the limiting ...
... In a Chemical Reaction • For reactions with multiple reactants, it is likely that one of the reactants will be completely used before the others. • When this reactant is used up, the reaction stops and no more product is made. • The reactant that limits the amount of product is called the limiting ...
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
... In a Chemical Reaction • For reactions with multiple reactants, it is likely that one of the reactants will be completely used before the others. • When this reactant is used up, the reaction stops and no more product is made. • The reactant that limits the amount of product is called the limiting ...
... In a Chemical Reaction • For reactions with multiple reactants, it is likely that one of the reactants will be completely used before the others. • When this reactant is used up, the reaction stops and no more product is made. • The reactant that limits the amount of product is called the limiting ...
Matter - tompkinsmath
... - non-metal atoms share electrons to achieve a stable state (instead of gaining or losing electrons.) - This “sharing” holds the atoms together is a group called a molecule. - A molecular formula indicates the number of each in a molecule. Ex. H2O → 2-H CO2 → 1-C 1-O 2-O - There are both – molecular ...
... - non-metal atoms share electrons to achieve a stable state (instead of gaining or losing electrons.) - This “sharing” holds the atoms together is a group called a molecule. - A molecular formula indicates the number of each in a molecule. Ex. H2O → 2-H CO2 → 1-C 1-O 2-O - There are both – molecular ...
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry /ˌstɔɪkiˈɒmɨtri/ is the calculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.Stoichiometry is founded on the law of conservation of mass where the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products leading to the insight that the relations among quantities of reactants and products typically form a ratio of positive integers. This means that if the amounts of the separate reactants are known, then the amount of the product can be calculated. Conversely, if one reactant has a known quantity and the quantity of product can be empirically determined, then the amount of the other reactants can also be calculated.As seen in the image to the right, where the balanced equation is:CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O.Here, one molecule of methane reacts with two molecules of oxygen gas to yield one molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water. Stoichiometry measures these quantitative relationships, and is used to determine the amount of products/reactants that are produced/needed in a given reaction. Describing the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical reactions is known as reaction stoichiometry. In the example above, reaction stoichiometry measures the relationship between the methane and oxygen as they react to form carbon dioxide and water.Because of the well known relationship of moles to atomic weights, the ratios that are arrived at by stoichiometry can be used to determine quantities by weight in a reaction described by a balanced equation. This is called composition stoichiometry.Gas stoichiometry deals with reactions involving gases, where the gases are at a known temperature, pressure, and volume and can be assumed to be ideal gases. For gases, the volume ratio is ideally the same by the ideal gas law, but the mass ratio of a single reaction has to be calculated from the molecular masses of the reactants and products. In practice, due to the existence of isotopes, molar masses are used instead when calculating the mass ratio.